Methods for measurement and control of leakage in CELSS and their application and performance in the biosphere 2 facility
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Leakage (economics)
Differential pressure
Expansion chamber
Cabin pressurization
Trace gas
Dilution
Lapse rate
Lapse rates, moist adiabatic lapse rates and the critical lapse rate for baroclinic adjustment are calculated and compared for the mean annual, January and July states in the Northern Hemisphere. In the troposphere above the planetary boundary layer zonal mean lapse rates are within 20% of the moist adiabatic lapse rate from the equator up to about 30°N in January and 50°N in July, but are appreciably more stable in higher latitudes. The latitudinal distribution of tropospheric mean lapse rates clearly delineates two regimes in the atmosphere—a low-latitude regime where the lapse rates are essentially moist adiabatic, and a high-latitude regime where the lapse rates are essentially the critical lapse rate for baroclinic adjustment. The dividing point between the two regimes shifts from 28°N in January to 47°N in July, and the transition is less sharp in July than in January. The absence of appreciable seasonal changes in lapse rates in midlatitudes can be attributed to counterbalancing seasonal changes in the strength of moist convection and baroclinic eddies. Hemispheric mean lapse rates in the mid and lower troposphere are within 0.4 K km−1 of the moist adiabatic lapse rate in July, but are as much as 1.9 K km−1 less in January. Implications for simple climate models are discussed. A principal conclusion is that the vertical temperature structure could be well approximated by a radiative-convective equilibrium model with two critical lapse rates—the moist adiabatic lapse rate and the critical lapse rate for baroclinic adjustment.
Lapse rate
Middle latitudes
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In the current generation of radiative-convective models a constant value for the critical atmospheric lapse rate, generally 6.5 K/km, is used. However, the moist adiabatic lapse rates are a better approximation for use in simple climate models. Thus, a comparison of temperature profiles with critical constant and moist adiabatic lapse rates has been made for a one-dimensional radiative-convective model. The commonly used lapse rate of 6.5 K/km yields surface temperatures some 1 to 3 K higher than with the use of moist adiabatic lapse rates for both clear sky conditions and a single effective cloud. When multiple clouds are included the constant lapse rate of 6.5 K/km yields the lower surface temperatures. More importantly, the surface temperature generated from the constant lapse rate formulation is more sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide, relative humidity, cloud cover, and surface albedo. For a doubling of CO2 the moist adiabatic lapse rate formulation yields surface temperature changes 25 to 60% smaller than does a constant 6.5 K/km lapse rate depending on the cloud treatment.
Lapse rate
Albedo (alchemy)
Constant (computer programming)
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By experimental study, a design for pressurization system in a multiple injection system with upper injection is discussed and the velocity distribution in a shaft is educed by the approach method. This velocity has a relation with volume flux from pressurization fan, section area of pressurization shaft and height of shaft. In factual situation, there is an important assistant meaning on researching the design of pressurization system in high-rise buildings.
Cabin pressurization
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As a example,the pressurization air supply of anti-smoking staircase and its former room was simulated.It shows that the uniformity of pressurization air supply is not important,and the air flow calculated according Code for Fire Protection Design of High Buildings can meet the positive pressure requirements for anti-smoking staircase and its former room.It also provides a basis for pressurization fan selection.
Cabin pressurization
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Cabin pressurization
Building envelope
Stack effect
Low-rise
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Cabin pressurization
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The design method to calculate the main features of propellant tank pressurization system during the development procedure of propellant feed system of the liquid rocket engine was suggested. We have considered the influences of parameters of pressurization gas on the efficiency of the thermodynamic processes in the tank. The optimum value of temperature and velocity of pressurization gas at the entrance of tank are obtained by the suggested way.
Cabin pressurization
Liquid-propellant rocket
Rocket engine
Rocket (weapon)
Rocket propellant
Liquid oxygen
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The principle of pressurization is introduced.It describes in details about the structure of pressurization electrical equipment.Meanwhile,it presents the matters to be attention in the process of design and manufacture for such equipment in brief.
Cabin pressurization
Electrical equipment
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Cabin pressurization
Differential pressure
Contamination control
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Abstract The lapse rates of high-resolution temperature profiles during nearly neutral, saturated conditions are compared with the saturated adiabatic lapse rate and with that proposed by Richiardone and Giusti. A good agreement between the latter and the mean value of the observed lapse rate is found, whereas the saturated adiabatic lapse rate differs significantly, confirming experimentally that it is not completely correct to assess the moist neutrality from a comparison with the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. The lapse-rate distribution supports the hypothesis that the lapse-rate statistics is a local collection of saturated adiabatic lapse rates in a background normal distribution centered around the neutrality.
Lapse rate
Neutrality
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