Thai ethnomedicinal plants as resistant modifying agents for combating Acinetobacter baumannii infections
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Acinetobacter baumannii is well-recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen, however, due to their intrinsic resistance to several antibiotics, treatment options are limited. Synergistic effects between antibiotics and medicinal plants, particularly their active components, have intensively been studied as alternative approaches.Fifty-one ethanol extracts obtained from 44 different selected medicinal plant species were tested for resistance modifying agents (RMAs) of novobiocin against A. baumannii using growth inhibition assay.At 250 μg/ml, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Punica granatum, Quisqualis indica, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia sp. that possessed low intrinsic antibacterial activity significantly enhanced the activity of novobiocin at 1 μg/ml (1/8xminimum inhibitory concentration) against this pathogen. Holarrhena antidysenterica at 7.8 μg/ml demonstrated remarkable resistant modifying ability against A. baumannii in combination with novobiocin. The phytochemical study revealed that constituents of this medicinal plant contain alkaloids, condensed tannins, and triterpenoids.The use of Holarrhena antidysenterica in combination with novobiocin provides an effective alternative treatment for multidrug resistant A. baumannii infections.Keywords:
Acinetobacter baumannii
Terminalia chebula
Phytochemical
Novobiocin
Terminalia chebula
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Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia chebula
Combretaceae
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In two years study, the overall perfonnance of Terminalia bellirica and T. chebula seedlings in the nursery were found better, when seeds were collected in first fortnight of January and sowing was done at last week and third week of March respectively. Presowing seed treatment on germination and growth of seedlings of T. bellirica produced better result when the seeds were soaked in concentrated sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) for 12 minutes. The germination and growth of seedlings of T. chebula were maximum when the seeds were soaked in cold water for 24 hours before 5 week stratification in cowdung.
Terminalia chebula
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The seasonal variation of water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive and ether soluble extractive have been investigated in leaves, wood and bark of Terminalia cuneata Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia catappa. Comparative account of water soluble extractive of leaves, wood and bark of Terminalia catappa was showed high level (range from 5.15 to 7.5 %) than Terminalia cuneata (range from 3.2 to 5.8 %) , Terminalia bellerica (range from 4.25 to 6.6 %) and Terminalia catappa (range from 3.15 to 4.8 %) in all seasons. Alcohol soluble extractive of leaves of Terminalia bellerica showed higher (range from 7.2 to 7.65 %) and lower in wood of Terminalia chebula (range from 4.2 to 4.45 %). Ether soluble extractive of leaves of Terminalia catappa showed higher (range from 4.9 to 5.25 %) and lower in wood of Terminalia chebula (range from 3.75 to 4.05 %).
Terminalia chebula
Combretaceae
Petroleum ether
Terminalia arjuna
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ABSTRACT The effects of the altitudinal range of seed source and storage on germination of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb., T. chebula Retz. and T. tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight and Arn were investigated by collecting seeds of each species from 8 sites covering an altitudinal range of 450–1000, 820–1350 and 640–1400m asl, respectively. • Seed weight of T. bellirica was inversely correlated with altitude, whereas that of T. tomentosa was positively correlated with altitude. • Seed weight was inversely correlated with germination percentage for T. bellirica and T. chebula , but positively correlated for T. tomentosa. • Germination percentage was positively correlated with altitude in T. chebula and T. tomentosa • Germination at 25°C constant temperature in all 3 Terminalia species, gave average percentages of 91,96 and 87% respectively for T. bellirica, T. chebula and T. tomentosa. • Germination percentage of all species was inversely correlated with length of storage. Storage at 4°C did not improve retention of viability over that at room temperature.
Terminalia chebula
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Terminalia, a large genus of Combretaceae, is distributed in Tropical Asia, Africa, and America. Some Terminalia plants are used in folk medicine because they possess powerful medicinal properties. Dried fruits of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula are used as the main ingredient in Triphala, a famous polyherbal formulation in Ayurvedic medicine and Thai folk medicine, because of their laxative, detoxifying, and rejuvenating effects. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of medicinal Terminalia species (T. bellirica, T. chebula, and T. catappa) and authenticate their crude drugs, "Samo" and Triphala, nucleotide sequencing alignments in the internal transcribed spacer one-two (ITS 1-2) regions of Terminalia plants collected in Thailand were performed. The amplified fragments of Terminalia species were approximately 800 bp in length. To compare these sequences and DDBJ registered data, a molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed. Phylogenetic analysis clearly separated the sequences into two groups: Asian Terminalia and African Terminalia with some exceptions. In the analyzed sequences, the length of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was 674 bp in T. chebula, and 677 bp in T. bellirica and T. catappa. Eighty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and nine insertion-deletions (indels) were observed, and the nucleotide sequences of this region showed species-specific sequences. Based on these differences, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) were applied to identify medicinal Terminalia species. Moreover, the ARMS method was chosen for fingerprinting analysis of Samo crude drugs and Triphala formulations because it was a fast, cost-effective, and reproducible approach.
Terminalia chebula
Combretaceae
Terminalia arjuna
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Terminalia chebula
Combretaceae
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