Risk of Leukemia Among Survivors of Testicular Cancer: A Population-based Study of 42,722 Patients
Regan A. HowardEthel S. GilbertCharles F. LynchPer HallHans H. StormEric J. HolowatyEero PukkalaFrøydis LangmarkMagnus KaijserMichael AnderssonHeikki JoensuuSophie D. FossåJames M. AllanLois B. Travis
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서 론 역학 연구를 진행함에 있어 연구자가 연구를 타당하게 수행하기 위해서는 연구 계획단계에서 연구가설과 평가 변 수를 먼저 명확히 선정하는 것이 필요하다.또한 연구자가 수용 가능한 오류 안에서 연구 가설을 통계적으로 확증하 기 위해서는 필요한 대상수가 얼마인지 계산하는 대상수 산출의 과정을 거쳐야 한다.대상수 산출을 위해 필요한 정 보들은 통계 가설(귀무가설과 대립가설), 단측검정 혹은 양 측검정여부, 예상되는 효과 크기, 제 1종 오류와 제 2종 오 류가 기본적으로 필요하게 되며, 그 외에도 가설 증명에 적 절한 연구 설계, 연구 설계에 따른 적절한 통계분석 방법과 이에 따른 부수적인 값들이 필요하게 된다 [1,2].연구자가 연구 가설을 검정하기 위해 사용되는 통계적 가설 검정은 귀무가설과 대립가설을세우는 것에서부터 시 작한다.그 후 모아진 자료와 가설과의 일치성을 비교하거 나 각 가설에서 자료의 결과가 나왔을 확률을 계산하여 가 설 검정을 하게 된다.대립가설에 대해서만 일치도를 보게 되면 논증에서의 일반원칙인 엄밀성(general principle of parasimony)에 위배되게 된다 [2].따라서 대립가설뿐 아니 라 귀무가설에 대해서도 자료와의 일치성 정도를 같이 검 토하는 것이 필요하다.일치성을
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Although a relatively uncommon malignancy, testicular cancer represents the most common cancer in adolescent males.
Testicular cancer is one of the most curable cancers.
Several risk factors for the development of testicular cancer have been identified; these include cryptorchidism, past history of unilateral testicular malignancy, and history of testicular cancer in first-degree relatives.
Screening for the testicular cancer is controversial; patients should be informed about the risks and counseled about the option for screening.
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feasible implementation to predict the future outcomes is by using a poisson regression model to forecast the quantity of research publication which is supported by the time spent in developing research and the number of years experienced by an academician. Poisson regression method is a classification of General Linear models where the variable under observation follows a poisson distribution with discrete variables making it identical to poisson regression model. Research is a skill to be practiced; however there are numerous components of this skill that must be directed, so potential knowledge makers can navigate contradictory, unpredicted and sensitive situation successfully.
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Introduction. Testicular cancer is the most frequently occurring malignant tumour in young men. Self-examination of testicles allows for early detection of the disease. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the level of knowledge concerning testicular cancer among young men. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 296 students of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Results. The majority of students were never previously interested in the issue of testicular cancer. The students were not able to say at what age this type of cancer usually occurs nor did they know the risk factors or symptoms of the disease. Students of Medicine had much more knowledge about testicular cancer than the students from other fields. 91% of the examined men declared that doctors never informed them about the risk of developing testicular cancer and the importance of self-examination of the testicles. 72% of students of faculties other than medical, never searched for any information concerning testicular cancer on their own. Only 29% of students of all faculties perform self-examination of their testicles. Conclusions. Young man do not have sufficient knowledge concerning testicular cancer and rarely self-examine their testicles. Therefore, it is justified to disseminate more broadly knowledge concerning testicular cancer and to encourage young men to undergo self-examination.
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Despite the prevalence of testicular cancer among men 15–39 years of age, little has been done to increase awareness of this disease or educate males about its prevention. To fill this gap, the Standard Model of Health Communication was incorporated to design and implement a comprehensive testicular cancer campaign among male college students. To test the effectiveness of these messages, college students (N = 220) completed measures before and after the campaign. In addition, the authors obtained a control group of male college students (N = 52) who were not exposed to the messages. Survey items assessed awareness of testicular cancer and behaviors related to testicular cancer. Participants' knowledge of testicular cancer and likelihood of conducting a testicular self-exam increased significantly after being exposed to the campaign information. Men who were exposed to testicular cancer messages were more knowledgeable about testicular cancer and were more likely to conduct testicular self-examinations than were men in the control group.
Cancer Prevention
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Road traffic accidents have become serious threats to Tanzanians in recent years. The outcryemanates from the increasing prevalence of negative effects of accidents on human lives,properties, environments and the economy. Poisson regression model was used to study therelationship between road accidents and the factors facilitating them in Tanzania. Count data onyearly road traffic accidents for Tanzania covering the period 1993 to 2019 were used. Due toover-dispersion of Poisson regression model, quasi-Poisson regression model was found the mostappropriate approach for the analysis of these data. Results indicated that all predictors aresignificant under Poisson regression model with p-value less than 0.05 but high speed was foundinsignificant using quasi-Poisson regression model. All factors causing road accidents predictedminor increase of accidents, showing that current control measures on road accidents are likely tobe effective.
Keywords: Road accidents; Poisson regression; Over-dispersion; Deviance; Variance inflationfactor.
Deviance
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