A ridge logistic estimator
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It is found that multicollinearity among the independent variables in logistic regression inflates the variances of the maximum likelihood estimator. A Ridge type estimator is proposed that will have smaller total mean squared error than the maximum likelihood estimator under certain conditions. Empirical study results are presented that evaluate this estimator for different sample sizes and degrees of multicollinearity.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the patterns of root system formation in a plant (tobacco) affected by the soil temperature conditions in a ridge. The experiments were made in (i) unmulched ridge, (ii) mulched ridge and (iii) heated ridge in which heating equipment was buried.The conclusion from the results of the experiments was as follows:(1) Root systems in heated ridge had a lot of hard and thick roots and penetrated deep in the soil.(2) Root systems in unmulched ridge consisted of soft roots and spread over the whole of ridge.(3) Root system formation in mulched ridge lay between those in heated and unmulched ridges. Thick roots in mulched ridge were seen beneath the surface of the ridge.(4) Soft and thick roots grew when the temperature in a ridge was low and high respectively.(5) The patterns of root system were formed in response to the distribution of soil temperature in a ridge.
Root system
Root (linguistics)
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Fluvial fans represent one of the dominant sedimentary systems at the active margins of non-marine foreland basins. The Puig-reig anticline at the north-eastern margin of the Ebro Foreland Basin (SE Pyrenees, Spain) exposes continuous outcrops of Late Eocene-Early Oligocene fluvial deposits, from proximal to medial fluvial fan environments. The proximal deposits are found in the north limb of the anticline, especially in the northwest zone. These deposits are characterised by conglomerates with minor interbedded sandstones, with thick and wide sheet-like geometries with unscoured or variably scoured basal surfaces. These are interpreted to be the deposits of unconfined flash floods and wide-shallow channel streams. The medial deposits, covering the rest of the anticline, consist of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and claystones. These are interpreted to have been deposited from braided to meandering channel streams and overbank areas. Distal deposits are found towards the south, beyond the anticline, and are characterised by sandstone and clay deposits of terminal lobes and lacustrine deltas. This study assesses the impact of the primary depositional characteristics, diagenesis and deformation of the most heterolithic portion of the system, with implications for increasing our understanding of folded fluvial reservoirs. Diagenetic processes, mainly mechanical compaction and calcite cementation, resulted in overall low intergranular porosity, with limited relatively high porosity developed in sandstone lithofacies in the medial deposits. Deformation associated with thrusting and fold growth resulted in the formation of abundant fractures, with relatively high fracture intensities observed in sandstone lithofacies in the anticline crest. This study shows that post-depositional processes can both improve and diminish the reservoir potential of basin proximal fluvial deposits, through the development of fracture networks and by compaction-cementation. The comparison of the Puig-reig anticline with other similar settings worldwide indicates that foreland basin margin locations may be potential areas for effective reservoirs, even in the case of low intergranular porosity.
Anticline
Arenite
Syncline
Outcrop
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The paper explains how the Almon polynominal lag specification can be made stochastic in two different ways - one suggested by Shiller and another following the lines of Lindley and Smith. It is shown that both the estimators can be considered as modified ridge estimators. The paper then compares these modified ridge estimators with the ridge estimator suggested by Hoerl and Kennard. It is shown that for the estimation of distributed lag models the ridge estimator suggested by Hoerl and Kennard is not useful but that the modified ridge estimators corresponding to the stochastic versions of the Almon lag are promising. The paper has two empirical illustrations.
Distributed lag
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Accretionary wedge
Seafloor Spreading
Forearc
Convergent boundary
Thrust fault
Echelon formation
Lineament
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Metamorphic core complex
Lineation
Massif
Detachment fault
Transpression
Mylonite
Extensional tectonics
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The paper explains how the Almon polynominal lag specification can be made stochastic in two different ways - one suggested by Shiller and another following the lines of Lindley and Smith. It is shown that both the estimators can be considered as modified ridge estimators. The paper then compares these modified ridge estimators with the ridge estimator suggested by Hoerl and Kennard. It is shown that for the estimation of distributed lag models the ridge estimator suggested by Hoerl and Kennard is not useful but that the modified ridge estimators corresponding to the stochastic versions of the Almon lag are promising. The paper has two empirical illustrations.
Distributed lag
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Pennsylvanian foreland deformation associated with the Ouachita orogene reactivated a west-northwest-east-southeast Cambrian basement trend, the southern Oklahoma aulacogen, to form the Wichita uplift, southwest Oklahoma. The 30-km-wide subsurface Frontal fault zone separates the uplift from the Anadarko basin to the north. Horizontal shortening across this fault zone is estimated at 7-15 km (20-40%), vertical displacement totals 9-10 km from the uplift to the basin. Folds are mapped on an interformational scale within the Frontal fault zone, and on an intraformational scale (Cambro-Ordovician Arbuckle Group) in the Slick Hills, southwest Oklahoma. Additional shortening occurred along southwest dipping mountain flank thrusts and on bedding plane thrusts, respectively. Hanging wall blocks of major faults contain the shallow dipping limb and anticlinal hinge zone of the interformational scale folds. Oil and gas production is generally restricted to these anticlinal crests within Paleozoic rocks. Deep wells (> 6000 m) that have penetrated footwall imbricates of the mountain flank thrusts have drilled through steep-overturned beds and tight recumbent folds before passing through faults into a normal stratigraphic sequence. Basement thrust loading of the southern margin of the Anadarko basin controlled the trend (west-northwest-east-southeast) of the axis of maximum deposition within the basin during the Pennsylvanian.
Basement
Thrust fault
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Accretionary wedge
Anticline
Forearc
Mass wasting
Thrust fault
Seafloor Spreading
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Sequence (biology)
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The problem of non-response generally occurs due to the lack of interest, not at home, refusal etc. Many authors developed estimators for estimation of population mean in the presence of nonresponse. Sometimes estimation of product of two population means in the presence of non-response is also needed. Keeping this fact in the view, some estimators for the product of two population means using auxiliary attribute in the presence of non-response have been suggested. The properties of the suggested estimators are also studied. A comparative study of the suggested estimators with the relevant estimators is given. Using a real data set, a numerical study is also given to check the efficiency of the proposed estimators in comparison to the relevant estimators. From numerical study it has been found that the proposed estimators work better that the other exiting estimators in some given conditions.
Extremum estimator
Population mean
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