Peaked Temporal Pattern of Embryonic Metabolism in an Emydid Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta)
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Abstract:
Temporal patterns of embryonic metabolism integrate ontogenetic changes in the energetic costs of growth and maintenance. Unlike most other chelonians, which show a peaked pattern of embryonic metabolic rate (MR) over time, turtles of the family Emydidae have been depicted with unimodally increasing patterns. We incubated eggs of the emydid Chrysemys picta picta under standard conditions at 30°C and serially measured rates of oxygen consumption. Five eggs showed clear decreases in MR before hatching; two others that hatched during MR measurements showed increases in MR associated with muscular activity. MRs of hatchling turtles were lower than those of prehatching embryos for at least 60 days, suggesting persistent costs of biosynthesis in yolk-dependent late-stage embryos and early hatchlings.Keywords:
Hatchling
Painted turtle
Yolk
Hatchling
Sea turtle
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Hatchling
Painted turtle
Overwintering
Cryobiology
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Hatchling
Chelydra
Painted turtle
Animal ecology
Altricial
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The water content of eggs,yolk,posthatching yolk and hatchlings averaged for 68.87%,61.47%,60.75% and 76.43% respectively.The dry mass of eggs,yolk,hatchlings and posthatching yolk averaged for 2.2915±0.2101 g,1.3071±0.2913 g,1.2305±0.2994 g and 0.2681±0.0241 g,respectively.The lipid content of them averaged for 18.03%,31.76%,19.30% and 32.10%,respectively.The energy value of yolk,posthatching yolk,hatchlings averaged for 6.71 kcal/g DM,6.75 kcal/g DM and 4.10 kcal/g DM.The utilization coefficient of energy of the yolk was about 77.54%.Under the condition of fasting food,both the fresh mass of posthatching yolk and the size of yolk scar in the hachlings showed the negative linear regression correlation with time.The yolk scar and posthatching yolk disappeared at the 9th and the 15th day after hatching respectively.
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Abstract We experimentally miniaturized freshly laid eggs of the Chinese cobra Naja atra (Elapidae) by removing ∼10% and ∼20% of original yolk. We tested if yolk-reduced eggs would produce 1) normal-sized hatchlings with invariant yolk-free body mass (and thus invariant linear size) but dramatically reduced or even completely depleted residual yolk, 2) smaller hatchlings with normal-sized residual yolk but reduced yolk-free body mass, or 3) smaller hatchlings of which both yolk-free body mass and residual yolk are proportionally reduced. Yolk quantity affected hatchling linear size (both snout-vent length and tail length) and body mass. However, changes in yolk quantity did not affect incubation length or any hatchling trait examined after accounting for egg mass at laying (for control and sham-manipulated eggs) or after yolk removal (for manipulated eggs). Specifically, yolk-reduced eggs produced hatchlings of which all major components (carcass, residual yolk, and fat bodies) were scaled down proportionally. We show that snakes cannot use yolk reserves to maximize their body size at hatching. Furthermore, our data also suggest that the partitioning of yolk in embryonic snakes is species-specific.
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We monitored temperatures during the winter of 1995–1996 inside 18 nests containing hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). The study was performed at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge in north-central Nebraska to assess survival of neonatal turtles in relation to the thermal environment inside their hibernacula. Minimum temperatures in the nests varied from −3 to −21 °C, and were better predictors of survival of hatchlings than other measures of the thermal environment. All hatchlings survived in nests where the temperature never went below −7 °C, some animals survived in nests where the minimum was between −7 and −13 °C, but no turtle survived in a nest where the minimum was below −14 °C. Hatchlings probably survived the cold by sustaining a state of supercooling, because the duration of exposure to low temperatures was far too long for animals in most nests to have survived in a frozen state.
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Painted turtle
Overwintering
Wildlife refuge
Critical thermal maximum
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Hatchling painted turtles, (Chrysemys picta) in north central Nebraska overwinter terrestrially within the nest cavity. Nest temperatures as low as −2.1 °C were recorded during January 1982 within nests from which hatchlings survived. Under laboratory conditions, nine turtles survived a cooling cycle (0 to −8.0 to 0 °C) over a 29-h period. Four of these turtles exhibited the ability to supercool to temperatures as low as −8.9 °C at which point freezing occurred. Partial freeze tolerance was exhibited by one individual. The ability of hatchling painted turtles to supercool and to survive subfreezing temperatures may be an important factor in the northern distribution of this species.
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Painted turtle
Supercooling
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Yolk utilization has been studied in the eggs of olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea from laying to pipping (hatching), pipping to
emergence and in hatchlings. Chemical and calorimetric changes in the whole egg,in yolk,in the embryo and in the post emergence
hatchling have been discussed. Cumulative conversion efficiencies of the whole egg and of yolk and net utilization effidiency of yolk
have been determined using chemical and caloric values. Cumulative conversion efficiency of whole egg and of yolk at pipping
in terms of energy are 71.97 % and 30.42% respectively. At the time of emergence these values further reduced to 66.97 % and
26.17% respectively. Based on the utilization of yolk energy, embryonic development in L. olivacea has been divided into three
phases.
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We report the season of emergence from the nest of hatchlings of five species of freshwater turtles from a wetlands/stream/lake complex in southcentral New Hampshire from 1988–1994. Only hatchling Chrysemys picta (Painted Turtle) overwintered in the nest and emerged the following spring, although there were some cases of autumn emergence, as well as some nests with hatchlings that emerged in both seasons. In nests monitored over the winter, mortality ranged from 26–100%. Hatchlings of the other four species—Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtle), Glyptemys insculpta (Wood Turtle), Clemmys guttata (Spotted Turtle), and Emydoidea blandingii (Blanding's Turtle)—emerged only in autumn.
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Chelydra
Painted turtle
Nesting season
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Sex ratios of hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) are influenced by the hydric environment when eggs are exposed to fluctuating temperatures similar to those encountered in natural nests. When temperature varies between 18 and 30 °C over the course of a single day, nearly equal numbers of males and females hatch from eggs held on wet substrates, but, primarily, males emerge from eggs on dry substrates. The influence of the hydric environment on sex ratios of painted turtles developing in natural nests has important ecological implications, and may be a factor influencing both selection of nest sites by gravid females and sex ratios of hatchlings.
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Hydric soil
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