To Flee or Not: Postkilling Responses Among Intimate Partner Homicide Offenders in Hong Kong
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Among 112 homicides involving sexual intimates that occurred in Hong Kong between 1989 and 2002, 38% ( n = 42) of offenders remained voluntarily at the homicide scene, 21% ( n = 24) committed suicide, 20% ( n = 22) escaped and denied involvement, 13% ( n = 14) disposed or hid the body of their victim, and 9% ( n = 10) escaped but later voluntarily surrendered. This study used police investigation reports, coroner’s reports, witness statements, and other relevant documents to compare these five types of postkilling behavior. The type of response was explained by the offender’s characteristics, the strength of attachment to the victim, and situational factors. The offender’s prior criminal conduct or history of violence was not significant in predicting the type of postkilling response.Keywords:
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It has been argued that individuals who engage in spouse abuse increase their violence toward their partners, which can culminate in the death of either the assaulter or the victim. The aim of this review is to identify risk factors that determine whether an abusive relationship will end in eventual death. An extensive search revealed 22 empirical research studies on risk factors for spousal homicide. The circumstances of spousal homicide are described and salient risk factors are highlighted. In the United Kingdom, 37% of all women were murdered by their current or former intimate partner compared to 6% of men. The most common cause of an intimate partner's death in England and Wales was being attacked with a sharp implement or being strangled. By contrast, the most common cause in the United States for spousal homicide was being shot. Nine major risk factors are found that may help predict the probability of a partner homicide and prevent future victims.
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Despite the importance of intimate partner violence (IPV) and homicide research to women's health and safety, much remains unknown about risk factors for intimate partner homicide (IPH). This article presents the Arizona Intimate Partner Homicide Study, pilot research that is being conducted in one U.S. state to update and expand on risk factors for IPH. In the context of presenting this study, we summarize the literature on data collection techniques, various marginalized and under researched populations, and the importance of gathering data about the victim-offender relationship and situational IPH risk factors. Additional research is needed to update risk factors for IPH to account for changes in technology and to examine differential risk across diverse populations. Local, community based data collection strategies are likely to provide more comprehensive and nuanced insight into IPH; though, to understand risk factors among marginalized populations, it may be necessary to increase sample size through a national strategy. Although not a panacea, we present this ongoing research as a model for other states to emulate and improve upon, in the hopes of developing more comprehensive data examining risk for IPH among victims of IPV.
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While there has been increasing attention given to understanding intimate partner violence homicide, little has been done to address how to support survivors of intimate partner violence homicide. This paper explores perceptions of the needs of survivors of intimate partner violence homicide through 22 focus groups which included 128 participants identifying as Black or African American. Of those, 28 identified as survivors of intimate partner violence and 26 identified as providers. The findings reinforce addressing the needs of intimate partner violence homicide survivors from a holistic, culturally responsive, and trauma-informed lens. Implications on how to address these needs are discussed.
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Intimate partner homicide represents a serious health and social problem throughout the world. The majority of research on the topic has been conducted in the United States, Canada, and Australia, with only limited cross-national investigations disaggregating intimate partner homicide from other forms of homicide (Gartner, 1990; LaFree, 1998). Even with the limitations in worldwide databases, it is clear that men are universally most often the perpetrators in intimate partner homicide as with homicide in general. When women kill a husband, boyfriend, or estranged partner, they are far more likely to be acting in self-defense than are men (Wolfgang, 1958; Easteal, 1993; Browne, Williams, & Dutton, 1998). In intimate partner homicide overall, estrangement, jealousy, and prior beating of the female partner represent major risk factors (Browne et al., 1998; Smith, Moracco, & Butts, 1998). Daly and Wilson (1998) conclude that the underlying dynamics of intimate partner homicide are basically “male sexual proprietariness and female attempts to escape male control” with the actual homicide only representing the extreme of the coercive control that characterizes battering. Most data from individual countries′ sources such as Africa, Australia, England, United States, and Canada support that general contention (Crawford & Gartner, 1992; Edwards, 1985; Mushanga, 1978; Easteal, 1993; Campbell, 1992).
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Current rates of intimate partner homicide of females are approximately 4 to 5 times the rate for male victims, although the rates for both have decreased during the past 25 years. The major risk factor for intimate partner homicide, no matter if a female or male partner is killed, is prior domestic violence. This review presents and critiques the evidence supporting the other major risk factors for intimate partner homicide in general, and for intimate partner homicide of women (femicide) in particular, namely guns, estrangement, stepchild in the home, forced sex, threats to kill, and nonfatal strangulation (choking). The demographic risk factors are also examined and the related phenomena of pregnancy-related homicide, attempted femicide, and intimate partner homicide-suicide
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Intimate partner homicide is one of the most common types of homicide and a significant contributor to domestic homicides worldwide, especially affecting females. We focus on the intimate partner homicides in Denmark during 1992-2016. Though gender identity data was unavailable, sex data from official documents enabled critical analysis. Of the 1417 homicides in the period, 26.5% were intimate partner homicides, i.e., 55.6% of female and 8.9% of male victims. The annual intimate partner homicide rate was 0.28 per 100,000 (0.44 for female victims and 0.12 for male victims), declining at a lower rate than other types of homicide. Most victims of intimate partner homicides were females (79.3%). The demographics of the victims and the characteristics of the homicides were markedly different depending on victim sex. Female victims were killed by more varied methods, with more severe injuries and followed by suicide in 26.5% and with multiple homicide victims in 8.1%.
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Abstract Despite half a century of research on both domestic violence and elder abuse, homicide of older people by a partner or family member (domestic homicide (DH)) remains largely unexplored. This article presents data drawn from a larger parent study examining homicide of older people (aged sixty and over) in the UK. This analysis is based on a subset of cases that would fall within current definitions of DH (n = 221). Analysis reveals differences in DH of older men and women in relation to the perpetrator gender and relationship and differences between intimate-partner homicides and those perpetrated by other family members. Implications for research, theory and practice are discussed.
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This article examines correlates and patterns of intimate partner homicide by relationship type and gender ratio of victimization with data for over 2,500 such homicides committed in California between 1987 and 1996. Many of Wolfgang's findings for spousal homicide in Philadelphia 40 years ago are reproduced in the authors' analysis of presentday California. Similar to Wolfgang, they find that female-perpetrated intimate homicides are especially likely to occur in private settings, to result from arguments, and to involve knives as the instrument of death. They also find, as did Wolfgang, that the ratio of female-to-male perpetrated killings is substantially higher among African Americans than among other groups. Although the range of relationship types is considerably broader than when Wolfgang conducted his research, encompassing large numbers of unmarried cohabiting couples, Wolfgang's research remains a durable foundation for understanding how the most intimate human relationships end in homicide.
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Using a rich data set for St. Louis, this article documents a substantial decline in intimate partner homicide over the past 25 years, compares intimate partner events with other types of homicide, and explores the relationship between changes over time in the level and type of intimate partner homicide and the living arrangements of men and women. The author finds that much of the decrease in partner homicide is a function of the declining rate of marriage and that, in certain key respects, homicides involving unmarried couples more closely resemble acquaintance homicides than spousal homicides. Finally, the author proposes that some of the broad social changes involving marriage and family that have contributed to the decline in intimate partner homicide may be deeply implicated in the dramatic rise in youth violence over the past 10 years.
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