Extraction of ionic liquids from aqueous solutions by humic acid: an environmentally benign, inexpensive and simple procedure
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A highly effective method for the extraction of ionic liquids from aqueous solutions has been successfully developed by the formation of associates of ionic liquids with humic acid, resulted mainly from their strong electrostatic interactions.Keywords:
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Tetrafluoroborate
Imide
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3-Methyl-1-(propyloxycarbonylmethyl)imidazolium octylsulfate 1a and 3-methyl-1-(pentyloxycarbonylmethyl)imidazolium octylsulfate 2a are ionic liquids that have previously been shown to be readily biodegradable in the CO2 headspace test (ISO 14593). In the present study, these ionic liquids were evaluated as reaction media for Diels–Alder and hydrogenation reactions. The comparison of the performance of these two designer solvents in these reactions with those conducted in other, non-biodegradable ionic liquids has demonstrated that they are comparable and viable solvents.
Biocatalysis
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Abstract The dichotomic nature of ionic liquids (ILs, simple solvents or supramolecular fluids) induced us to carry out a structural investigation of some mono‐ and dicationic ionic liquids using 1D and 2D NMR, resonance light scattering, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Ionic liquids with different cation π‐surface areas were used, namely [bmim][NTf 2 ], [Bzmim][NTf 2 ], [Bzbim][NTf 2 ], [ p ‐Xyl‐(bim) 2 ][NTf 2 ] 2 , and [ m ‐Xyl‐(bim) 2 ][NTf 2 ] 2 [bmim = 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, Bzmim = 1‐benzyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, Bzbim = 1‐benzyl‐3‐butylimidazolium, NTf 2 = bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide]. In order to verify to what extent the structural investigation, coupled with the determination of solvent parameters, could help to rationalize the effects of the solvent media on a given reaction, the thermally induced mononuclear rearrangement of heterocycles was studied. Variation of the cation structure has significant repercussions on the 3D structure of the ILs and on the effect they can exert on a given reaction.
Imide
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As a new biocatalytic reaction media,ionic liquids have caused extensive interests because of their special characteristics compared to the conventional organic solvents.In this review,the biocompatibility of ionic liquids was discussed,including the toxicity of ionic liquids to microbial cells and enzymatic activities in ionic liquids.The recent advances on biotransformation in different ionic liquid-containing systems were then summarized,such as biocatalytic reactions in ionic liquid/supercritical carbon dioxide biphasic media,biphasic ionic liquid/water-systems and water-miscible ionic liquids as solvents,respectively.Meanwhile,further study on the application of ionic liquids for bioconversion was also put forward.
Bioconversion
Biocatalysis
Biocompatibility
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In this work, different kinds of ionic liquids and reaction conditions for the extraction of lipid from microalgae biomass were optimized and repeated use of ionic liquids for microalgal lipid extraction was evaluated. Morphological changes of microalgae cells were compared in terms of pre- and post-treatment to understand the mechanisms of ionic liquid treatment. Ionic liquid [BMIM][MeSO 4 ] showed the best lipid extraction efficiency at 70°C and with reaction time of 2 hours. The ratios (ILs : methanol) of 1 : 7 and 1 : 3 were the optimum ratios to complete the extraction of the lipids from microalgae. The initial 50% volume fraction of [BMIM][MeSO 4 ] was 16.04% of dry weight, which showed the highest five average extraction rates. The loss of ionic liquid in the reaction system and the increase in water content of ionic liquids were considered as the main reasons for the decrease in the extraction rate. It is suggested that the potential of lipid extraction in this IL-methanol co-solvent system is promising due to the high efficiency, low cost, safety, environmental protection, and other characteristics.
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Abstract Indoles react smoothly with carbonyl compounds in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF 4 ) or 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF 6 ) ionic liquids under mild reaction conditions to afford the corresponding bis‐indolylmethanes in excellent yields. These ionic liquids can be recovered and recycled in subsequent reactions without any apparent loss of activity.
Hexafluorophosphate
Tetrafluoroborate
Environmentally Friendly
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Ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmIm][BF4] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmIm][PF6] were evaluated as reaction media for allylic and benzylic oxidation reactions using manganese dioxide. The use of ionic liquids as an extractant in the reaction work-up was also investigated. Procedures for recycling of the [bmIm][PF6] ionic liquids used in these MnO2 oxidation reactions were also developed.
Hexafluorophosphate
Tetrafluoroborate
Biocatalysis
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Room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate was synthesized under microwave irradiation.Ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate was used as solvent for the selective α-monohalogenation of β-keto esters and cyclic ketones.The α-monohalogenation reactions were promoted with excellent yields,and they were environment friendly compared with those using traditional organic solvents.
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In this paper,a series of imidazolium ionic liquids with different anions and cations were prepared and the performance of these reaction medium for the synthesis of β-enaminones was investigated.The results showed that anion and cation had obvious effect on the performance of the ionic liquids.When anion was BF4-,the activity order of ionic liquids with different cations was [Hmim]+ [bmim]+,[emim]+ [bmmim]+.Among these reaction medium,[Hmim]BF4 exhibited the highest activity and had a yield of 96% after 10 min reaction.When cation was[Hmim]+,ionic liquids with a anion of BF4-,Tsa-,Br-and NO3-exhibited high activity and had a yield higher than 93% after 15 min reaction,while ionic liquid with HSO4-had a yield of 60% after 30 min.When cation was[bmim]+,the activity order was[bmim]Br [bmim]PF6 [bmim]BF4 and these three solvent/catalysts had a yield over 85%,while [bmim]HSO4 and [bmim]H2 PO4 ionic liquids presented a bad performance and had a yield below 70%.The [Hmim]BF4 was reused five times without considerable loss of activity and had a yield of 89% after 10 min.
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