Assessment of effectiveness and safety of Ibicella lutea extract in the control of experimental Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection
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Introduction: Proteus mirabilis is an important cause of complicated urinary tract infections (UTI). Like many other microorganisms, P. mirabilis has acquired resistance to many antibiotics. Due to the serious effects associated with uropathogenic P. mirabilis and the problems related to the use of antibiotics, alternative strategies for its control must be developed. Previously, we studied the effect of Ibicella lutea extract, a South American indigenous plant, on in vitro uropathogenicity of P. mirabilis. We observed that I. lutea extract had an effect on various attributes associated with P. mirabilis urovirulence. The objective of this study was to assess I. lutea extract against UTI by P. mirabilis. Methodology: This study was based on the effect of I. lutea extract to prevent or treat P. mirabilis experimental UTI in mice and the influence of this administration on the normal intestinal flora. Also, we studied the toxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity of the extract. Results: In this study, while I. lutea administration showed an effect in the prevention and treatment of UTI in the mouse, the intestinal microflora did not change. The I. lutea extract was neither toxic nor mutagenic although the extract showed antimutagenic properties. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the administration of I. lutea extract could represent an interesting new strategy to control P. mirabilis UTI.Keywords:
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Klebsiella
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Proteus Infections
Indwelling catheter
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
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For the purpose of investigating the effects of Biofermin-R (BF-R) on the bacterial flora, BF-R was administered in combination with antibiotics, and the fecal flora of children treated with antibiotics alone was compared with that of children treated with both BF-R and antibiotics. Three types of effects were investigated: 1) the inhibitory effect on antibiotic-induced changes of the bacterial flora in patients without diarrhea, 2) the bacterial flora-maintaining and normalizing effect in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, and 3) the process of normalizing in the fecal bacterial flora of mice administered with antibiotics. The results indicated that the concurrent use of BF-R and an antibiotic inhibited the changes of the intestinal flora that usually occur during antibiotic therapy alone, by preventing a decrease in Bifidobacterium, and restored disturbed flora to normal.
Flora
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Antibiotic-induced intestinal flora imbalance, also known as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, refers to diarrhea that occurs with the use of antibiotics and can not be explained by other reasons. Due to the excessive use of antibiotics, the intestinal flora imbalance of livestock has caused a great impact on the animal breeding industry. In this paper, the effect of antibiotics on intestinal flora of livestock and an effective method of treating intestinal flora imbalance, fecal bacteria transplantation (FMT), were briefly introduced. Besides, several substances like probiotics, prebiotics and plant extracts were also summarized here, which could replace antibiotics as feed additives.
Flora
Intestinal bacteria
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[Objective] To develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid and specific detection of Proteus mirabilis. [Methods] 4 primers which recognized 6 distinct regions on the ureR gene of Proteus mirabilis were designed and used for LAMP assay. Proteus mirabilis DNA amplified under isothermal conditions (65℃ ) for 60 min, then, LAMP results were judged by electrophoretic analysis and restriction digestion. To evaluate the specificity of the LAMP assay, 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis and 13 strains of non-Proteus mirabilis were tested by LAMP and conventional PCR; In addition, the detection limit of LAMP was compared with that of PCR using the Proteus mirabilis strain, that were 10-fold serially diluted and was amplified by LAMP and PCR. [Results] After LAMP reaction, ladder patterns unique to the LAMP assay were observed with 1 strains of Proteus mirabilis, amplification was not observed when 13 strains of non-Proteus mirabilis were tested. The specificity of LAMP products was confirmed by digestion of LAMP products using restriction enzymes. The specificity of LAMP assay was similar to that of a PCR assay, but the sensitivity of LAMP was 10 times higher than that of conventional PCR assay, The detection limit of Proteus mirabilis was 5 cfu / ml by LAMP within 60 min and that of PCR was 50 cfu / ml within 160 min. [Conclusion] The LAMP assay is a rapid, specific and sensitive detection method for Proteus mirabilis and that requires no specialized equipment. This assay is suitable for rapid diagnosis in Proteus mirabilis infection.
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Abstract
When Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, a virulent (P14) and an avirulent (P2AB) strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inoculated on to the burned surfaces of mice, only P. mirabilis and Ps. aeruginosa (P14) invaded the burns and caused septicaemia and death.
When burned mice were inoculated i.p. with the same Gram-negative bacilli, K. aerogenes was found to be as pathogenic as Pr. mirabilis; Ps. aeruginosa (P14) was the most lethal organism and Esch. coli and Ps. aeruginosa (P2AB) only caused death when 7 × 109 organisms were inoculated.
Antisera, against the infecting strains, given to burned mice before infection prevented septicaemia and death in mice infected i.p. with Ps. aeruginosa (P14) and Pr. mirabilis but was less effective in protecting burned mice infected i.p. with Esch. coli and K. aerogenes.
Enterobacter aerogenes
Infectivity
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Colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at trachea, nares and oropharynx can cause ventilator-acquired pneumonia. To identify beneficial effects of antibiotics on expression of virulence factors related to colonization by such pathogens, we evaluated the effect of mupirocin on flagella formation in P. aeruginosa and on motility and flagella formation in Proteus mirabilis. In P. aeruginosa, subinhibitory concentrations of mupirocin inhibited flagella formation, which was associated with reduced flagellin expression. In P. mirabilis, subinhibitory concentrations of mupirocin dose-dependently suppressed bacterial motility and flagella formation, again with reduced flagellin expression. Our results indicate that subinhibitory concentrations of mupirocin can suppress expression of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis.
Flagellin
Mupirocin
Swarming motility
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Objective To develop a PCR assay for the rapid and specific detection of Proteus mirabilis. Methods According to the sequences of ureR gene of Proteus mirabilis,2 primers were designed and used for PCR. The length of amplicon was 225 bp. To evaluate the specificity of PCR assay,two strains of Proteus mirabilis and 14 strains of non-Proteus mirabilis were tested by PCR,then 60 specimens of foodborne disease were tested by PCR and Plate-culture method simultaneously. One strain of Proteus mirabilis was 10-fold serially diluted and was amplified by PCR to verify detection limit. Results With 2 strains of Proteus mirabilis,the results of PCR assay were observed and the PCR products were also confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Amplification was not observed when 14 strains of non-Proteus mirabilis were tested. The results of the PCR and Plate-culture method were the same,so the specificity of PCR was confirmed. In addition,PCR detected Proteus mirabilis within 4 h and thus PCR is superior to Plate-culture method in terms of rapidity,and the detection limit of the PCR assay was 30 cfu/ml of Proteus mirabilis. Conclusions These results indicate that PCR assay is a rapid,specific and sensitive detection method for Proteus mirabilis,and it is suitable for daily monitoring and rapid diagnosis of Proteus mirabilis.
Amplicon
Proteus Infections
Proteus vulgaris
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SUMMARY The metabolic activities of faecal and urinary strains of Proteus morgani and P. mirabilis were compared. Regardless of origin, the generation time of P. morgani strains in urine was approximately twice as long as that of the P. mirabilis strains. Urease synthesis was constitutive in P. morgani strains but required induction with urea in the P. mirabilis strains. In the presence of urea, the P. mirabilis strains liberated ammonia more rapidly and produced alkaline conditions more quickly than P. morgani strains, although they synthesized much less urease. These characteristics may place P. morgani strains at a disadvantage in comparison with P. mirabilis strains in their ability to cause urinary tract infections.
Proteus Infections
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