Cribrostatin 6 induces death in cancer cells through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism
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Due to the short half-life of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as a superoxide radical, controlled and localized generation of ROS is challenging. Here, we report a rationally designed small-molecule 1c that generates ROS only when triggered by a bacterial enzyme. We provide evidence for 1c predictably enhancing the intracellular superoxide radical in a model bacterium. Spatiotemporal control over ROS generation offered by 1c should help better understand stress responses in bacteria to increased ROS.
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Abstract Traditionally the perspective on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has centered on the role they play as carcinogenic or cancer-causing radicals. Over the years, characterization and functional studies have revealed the complexity of ROS as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological cellular responses or whose levels are altered in various diseases. Cancer cells often maintain high basal level of ROS and are vulnerable to any further increase in ROS levels beyond a certain protective threshold. Consequently, ROS-modulation has emerged as an anticancer strategy with synthesis of various ROS-inducing or responsive agents that target cancer cells. Of note, an increased carbohydrate uptake and/or induction of death receptors of cancer cells was exploited to develop glycoconjugates that potentially induce cellular stress, ROS and apoptosis. This mini review highlights the development of compounds that target cancer cells by taking advantage of redox or metabolic alteration in cancer cells.
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在植物房间，包括的超级氧化物(O2 ) ，过氧化氢(H2O2 ) ，和 malondialdehyde (MDA ) 的反应的氧种类(ROS ) ，如果过分地在房间积累了，被认为是房间 apoptosis 的重要可诱导的因素。阐明 ROS 生产的新陈代谢的机制并且在花药清除细胞质男性无菌(厘米) 棉花。厘米线，维护者，和混合 F1 花药，为学习在 ROS 的厘米和新陈代谢之间的关系被采用，由比较， ROS 在不同发育阶段在无菌、肥沃的花药变化。结果在流产期间显示出那初步的舞台(sporogenous 细胞分裂阶段) ，更高有的线 O2 满足的厘米的花药， H2O2，和维护者或混合 F1 的比那些的 MDA。同时，超级氧化物 dismutase (草皮)的更高的活动，过氧化氢酶(猫)，和在清除的过氧化物酶(邮政部门) ROS 在厘米线的花药被测量，显示那在初步的舞台有的流产的花药的 ROS 的增加抗氧化剂酶上的可诱导的效果。但是在一方面，在厘米的流产山峰期间，花药(花粉母细胞减数分裂期) O2 满足。在另一方面， H2O2，和 MDA 在厘米花药非常地高草皮，猫，和邮政部门的活动是过分地低的，它破坏了在 ROS 的生产和消除之间的平衡并且在这个阶段导致了花粉母细胞 apoptosis。在下列二个阶段(单核的小孢子阶段和成熟花粉舞台) ，在放弃的花药的 O2 和 H2O2 的内容在维护者和混合 F1 的肥沃的花药被接近到内容。然而， MDA 内容连续地被提起并且在酶草皮，猫，和邮政部门的活动一致地在无菌的花药被减少，它显示 ROS 仍然在雄性细胞的 apoptosis 以后在花药上有有害效果。O2， H2O2，和 MDA 和 ROS 清除酶活动的重要减小的过多的累积与在厘米衬里的棉花的花药的雄性细胞 apoptosis 是同时发生的。但是当恢复系基因被变成厘米线时， ROS 的过多的生产能在混合 F1 的花药被消除。
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Reactive nitrogen species
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a crucial role in human physiological and pathophysiological processes. Prolonged exposure to high ROS concentrations may lead to cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, etc. diseases. In this study, gallocyanine has been proposed to register the ROS production. The gallocyanine spectral properties changes under ROS (•О2ˉ, H2O2) and reactive halogen (HOCl) species are analyzed. It is shown that the dye is oxidized in solution, both under the action of ROS and reactive halogen species. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to suggest that superoxide anion radicals make a major contribution to chemical conversion of the dye in suspensions of activated neutrophils. It is that gallocyanine can be used to assess the functional activity of neutrophils, namely, the NADPH-oxidase, as well as to design and test novel therapeutic agents for diseases associated with developing oxidative stress.
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Because of their highly reactive nature and potentially toxic characteristic, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have had a bad reputation for years. However, under certain conditions, ROS generation has shown positive outcomes. It is ROS imbalance that causes toxic effects. ROS play an important role in physiological processes such as cell signaling, senescence, inflammation, and the immune response to infection. An increasing number of studies highlight the importance of ROS for the inflammatory response, whether sterile or due to infection or cancer. The purpose of this paper is to present evidence of the essential role of ROS in the inflammatory response.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive intermediates of oxygen formed during successive reduction ofoxygen. Most common ROS include singlet oxygen 1O2, Superoxide (O2•−), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), and Hydroxylradical (•OH). ROS are produced as by-products of normal aerobic metabolism in plants. However, during biotic orabiotic stress conditions ROS greatly increase in number causing oxidative stress. The highly reactive nature of thesespecies poses a problem for cellular metabolism. Oxidative damage caused by ROS can even lead to cell death. As theproduction of ROS is inevitable, plants have evolved means to eliminate ROS and maintain a reducing environment inthe cell. These strategies involve antioxidant enzymes as well as non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds. Two systemswork together to neutralise reactive species and protect the cell from oxidative injury. A useful aspect of ROS has alsobeen observed in that they act as second messengers in signalling. Ultimately, it is important to maintain equilibriumbetween the production and removal of ROS for a healthy cellular environment. This review deals with mechanisms ofproduction of ROS and strategies of a plant cell to scavenge them.
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The generation and sub-cellular localization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under alt stress were investigated at single cell level. Results showed that salt stress-induced ROS accumulated in a concentration-and time-dependent manner and localized mainly in the mitochondria.
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Apoptotic cell death
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Apoptotic cell death
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