The quail anatomy portal
Avnika A. RupareliaJohanna E. SimkinDavid SalgadoDon NewgreenGabriel G. MartinsRobert J. Bryson‐Richardson
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The Japanese quail is a widely used model organism for the study of embryonic development; however, anatomical resources are lacking. The Quail Anatomy Portal (QAP) provides 22 detailed three-dimensional (3D) models of quail embryos during development from embryonic day (E)1 to E15 generated using optical projection tomography. The 3D models provided can be virtually sectioned to investigate anatomy. Furthermore, using the 3D nature of the models, we have generated a tool to assist in the staging of quail samples. Volume renderings of each stage are provided and can be rotated to allow visualization from multiple angles allowing easy comparison of features both between stages in the database and between images or samples in the laboratory. The use of JavaScript, PHP and HTML ensure the database is accessible to users across different operating systems, including mobile devices, facilitating its use in the laboratory.The QAP provides a unique resource for researchers using the quail model. The ability to virtually section anatomical models throughout development provides the opportunity for researchers to virtually dissect the quail and also provides a valuable tool for the education of students and researchers new to the field.Early production performance of the Korea quail and the Chinese recessive white feather quail was studied.The results showed that the growth rate of three strains was not significant defference(P0.05),the Chinese recessive white feather quail was relatively slower than the other two.The Feed coversion efficiency of the Korea quail was lower than that of the Chinese recessive white feather quail,without significant defference(P0.05).The early mortality of the Chinese reccssive white feather quail was higher.Providing the three strains start to lay the first egg at the same age,the feeding cost before the laying period of the Chinese recessive white feather quail was less than that of the Korea quail.
White (mutation)
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The authors determined whether results of experiments on copulatory and affiliative behavior of pairs of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) conducted in a closely confining apparatus would predict behavior in a large enclosure in which female quail could avoid contact with male quail. As found previously in studies of closely confined quail, in a large enclosure containing numerous barriers, both unmated female quail and mated female quail laying unfertilized eggs were more likely to remain near a confined male quail than were mated female quail laying fertilized eggs. Furthermore, the number of copulations that a pair engaged in when closely confined predicted the number of copulations that they engaged in when they were in the large enclosure. Patterns of affiliation and of mating in a confining laboratory apparatus thus predicted behavior in a larger enclosure that provided female quail with opportunity to avoid contact with male quail.
Coturnix japonica
Coturnix coturnix
Enclosure
Coturnix
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The present study makes an investigation into expression of genes related to cardiac development in chicken, quail and chicken-quail hybrids during the early stage of embryogenesis. Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expressions of Nkx2-5, GATA4 and TBX5 in the heart of chicken, quail and chicken-quail hybrids embryos during the 3rd to 7th days of incubation. Results showed that NKX2-5 mRNA displayed a similar expression trend in chicken, quail and chicken-quail hybrids. The initial and highest expression of Nkx2-5 was focused on the 3rd day of incubation, then it declined till 5th day of incubation, thereafter, it fluctuated. Expression of Nkx2-5 gene in quail was significantly higher than in chicken and chicken-quail hybrids, and no significant difference was observed between the two latter species. GATA4 mRNA showed a similar expression trend between chicken and quail, which displayed a steady increase from 3rd to 6th d, then, the expression level decreased. However, GATA4 mRNA expression in chicken-quail hybrids was significantly higher than that in chicken and quail from 3rd to 5th d (p<0.01), but significantly lower than that in chicken and quail during the later stage of the experiment (p<0.05), due to the dramatic drop from 5th d onwards (p<0.01). TBX5 mRNA expression in chicken and quail showed the same trend as GATA4 expressed in the two species. Furthermore, TBX5 expression in chicken-quail hybrids was significantly higher than that in chicken and quail during the whole course of experiment, although relatively lower TBX5 expression was detected in the early stage. In conclusion, Nkx2-5, GATA4 and TBX5 genes showed dynamic changes during the process of cardiac development in chicken, quail and their hybrids embryos. In addition, the expression trend in chicken was similar to that in quail, and there was no significant difference for gene expression level, except NKX2-5. However, expression of these genes in chicken-quail hybrids was significantly different from their parents, the difference mechanism needs to be further explored.
Coturnix
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Abstract The behavior of quail primordial germ cells (PGC) after injection into chick embryos by the intravascular route was examined. The quail (donor) PGC, taken from the bloodstream of quail embryos (recipient) at stage 13–14, were injected into the vitelline vessels of chick embryos (recipient) at stage 15. In the recipient embryos, the PGC of the quail and the chick were histochemically distinguished by a double‐staining technique involving a lectin, from Wistaria floribunda (WFA) and the PAS reaction. One day after injection, quail PGC appeared in the prospective gonadal region of recipient chick embryos, being localized among the recipient chick PGC. This result indicates that a staining technique specific for WFA lectin is useful for identification of quail PGC and that quail PGC can be transferred by a vascular route for the production of germline chimeras. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coturnix
Blastoderm
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Coturnix japonica
Coturnix coturnix
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The effects of retinoic acid on the development of reproductive organs and egg production in female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were investigated. Female quail were fed a diet containing retinoic acid at 4 mg/kg (RA) or two diets containing retinyl acetate at 5000 IU/kg (VA1) or 14 000 IU/kg (VA2) after being fed a vitamin A-free diet for 2 wk (experiment 1). The oviduct and ovary grew more rapidly (P < 0.05) in RA-treated quail than in VA-treated quail at 5 wk of age. In addition, the body weight of RA-fed quail was also greater (P: < 0.05) than that of VA-fed quail at 5 wk. The RA-treated quail laid their first eggs approximately 5 days earlier (P < 0.05) than the VA-treated quail. Furthermore, these RA-fed quail laid more eggs (P < 0.05) than those VA-fed quail during the experimental period. To confirm the results of experiment 1, a similar experiment was conducted to record the first egg and total eggs laid by quail fed VA2 or RA (experiment 2). The early onset of oviposition was again observed in the RA-treated group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that retinoic acid has a stimulating effect on the reproductive system of female Japanese quail, as has been previously shown in the reproductive system of male Japanese quail.
Coturnix coturnix
Coturnix japonica
Coturnix
Oviduct
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The distribution and behavior of chick primordial germ cells (PGC) injected into quail embryos were examined. PGC from chick embryos at stages 13-14 were injected into the blood stream of quail embryos at stages 15-20. After one day, the quail embryos were examined histologically. The chick PGC in the quail embryos could be readily identified by the histochemical PAS technique, whereas quail PGC were never stained by PAS. When the chick PGC were injected into the quail embryos during stages 15-18, they appeared mostly in the gonadal region of the recipient quail embryos. A few PGC were found at extragonadal sites. When the chick PGC were injected into the quail embryos at stages 19-20, in which the PGC of the recipient quail embryos had finished their migration into the gonads, most of the donor chick PGC were found at ectopic sites, in the head, trunk and limbs. These results indicate that most of the chick PGC, injected at the earlier stages 15-18, migrated to the gonadal anlagen of the recipient, while following later injection (from stage 19), most of the chick PGC migrated to ectopic sites.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the ability of albino Japanese quail intruders to elicit serum corticosterone responses in established populations of wild-type (W-T) quail. In Experiment 1, W-T quail were mixed with albino strangers and blood sampled prior to (T0) and 2 hr after (T2) mixing. A second W-T group, serving as a control, was bled at these same times but was not subjected to albino intrusion. In Experiment 2, a similar protocol was followed, except albino treated and control quail were not bled at T0. Blood samples were assayed for their serum corticosterone content by radioimmunoassay. The incidence of headbanging behavior by W-T quail from T0 to T2 was also determined. Both control and albino treated W-T quail exhibited significantly elevated mean serum corticosterone levels at T2 when compared to their T0 hormone levels. However, when the quail were not bled at T0, a significantly higher mean plasma corticosterone level was found at T2 in albino treated wild types in comparison to control treated quail at this time. Although percent of individuals headbanging was similar in both control and albino treated W-T quail handled at T0, albino quail intrusion produced a significant doubling in the incidence of headbanging by W-T quail not previously handled. Serum corticosterone and headbanging behavior were not correlated. Collectively, these data would appear to indicate that albino quail intruders serve as effective nonspecific systemic stressors to W-T quail, provided the latter are not handled beforehand.
Corticosterone
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Eggs laid by 1 5 3 Gd-labeled Japanese quail were collected each day for 24 days. Maximum transference of the lanthanide to an oocyte approximated 27% of the dose given the quail and occurred usually for the egg collected on the third day. The 24 largest oocytes from each of 2 quail were removed 18 hr after labeling the quail. The curve for a plot of percent 1 5 3 Gd vs. gram of oocyte for these 24 oocytes approximated a log-log function. Eggs doubly-labeled with 1 5 3 Gd and Sudan black B showed no label in the latebra. Quail hatched from labeled eggs were dissected at various times up to 67 days of age. The percent of egg 1 5 3 Gd that was found in the F1 quail decreased from 100% to approximately 55% during the first 14 days. The percentage recovery for mature quail was 55.8%. The major portion of the 1 5 3 Gd present in each F1 quail was found in the yolk sac and ranged from 96.0% for hatchlings a few hours old to 73.3% for mature quail. The weight of the yolk sac decreased from .7g for hatchlings to .04g for mature quail. The first 5 eggs laid by producing F1 quail contained a total of .643% of the 1 5 3 Gd in these quail. The graph curve for these eggs for percent 1 5 3 Gd vs. day of collection approximated an exponential function, in contrast to the marked maximum seen for 1 5 3 Gd levels in eggs laid by the parent quail.
Hatchling
Yolk
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