Development of ITLA Using a Full-Band Tunable Laser
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A laser control module complying with the integrable tunable laser assembly (ITLA) standards has been developed. A DFB laser array that covers either the C- or L-band in wavelength is incorporated in this module, enabling precise wavelength control by using a wavelength locker integrated with the laser. Also, by controlling each the SOA, DFB laser and two independent TECs, the optical output intensity and wavelength can be tuned. Moreover, dithering functions have been implemented including FM for SBS suppression and AM for signal discrimination. In this paper, the configuration of this module is described and main characteristics including wavelength stability are presented. ABSTRACTKeywords:
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Wavelength conversion devices will play an important role in future optical transmission or optical signal processing systems. Wavelength conversion in the 1.55-µm range has been achieved using single-mode semiconductor lasers [1]-[6] or semiconductor laser amplifiers. [7]-[9] From a systems point of view, it is preferable to have a converted signal wavelength that is arbitrarily selectable. Wavelength conversion using semiconductor laser amplifiers alone cannot change the converted signal wavelength. [7]-[9] On the other hand, tunable wavelength conversion using single-mode lasers can easily be performed and was achieved by using a multielectrode distributed feedback (DFB) laser [1] and by using a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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A wide-band wavelength-selectable light source module having an integrated multiwavelength locker has been developed. An eight-distributed-feedback (DFB) arrayed monolithic light source was designed to have 40-nm tunable range in the L-band by covering 5 nm per DFB laser diode. A uniquely designed etalon-based wavelength locker achieved very stable operation and uniform locking performance for all channels. Wavelength variation in the short term at room temperature was much less than 1 pm and the locked wavelength stayed within +/-5 pm when the case temperature of the module was varied from -20/spl deg/C to 65/spl deg/C.
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Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 2 Fundamental Laser Diode Characteristics. 2.1 Optical Gain in Semiconductors. 2.2 Semiconductor Heterostructures. 2.2.1 Carrier Confinement. 2.2.2 Optical Confinement. 2.2.3 Material Systems. 2.3 Waveguiding and Transverse Laser Modes. 2.3.1 The Slab Waveguide. 2.3.2 Lateral Waveguiding. 2.4 Laser Structures. 2.5 The Fabry-Perot Laser. 2.6 The Rate Equations. 2.6.1 Stationary Solution of the Rate Equations. 2.6.2 Laser Spectrum and Side-Mode Suppression. 2.6.3 Small-Signal Modulation Behavior. 2.7 Quantum Well Laser Diodes. 3 Single-Mode Laser Diodes. 3.1 Mode Selectivity Requirements. 3.2 Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures. 3.2.1 Alternative Derivation of the Coupled-Mode Equations. 3.2.2 Solution of the Coupled-Mode Equations. 3.3 Distributed Bragg-Reflector Lasers. 3.3.1 Magnitude and Phase of Reflection. 3.3.2 Grating Shapes. 3.3.3 DBR Laser Structures. 3.4 Distributed-Feedback Lasers. 3.4.1 DFB Laser With Nonreflecting Facets. 3.4.2 DFB Lasers With Reflecting Facets. 3.4.3 Phase-Shifted and Gain-Coupled DFB Lasers. 3.5 Laser Fabrication and Tolerances. 3.5.1 Wavelength Dependence on Structural Parameters. 3.5.2 Thermal Properties under CW Operation. 3.6 Spectral Linewidth. 4 Basic Concepts of Tunable Laser Diodes. 4.1 Continuous, Discontinuous, and Quasicontinuous Tuning Schemes. 4.2 Tuning of Cavity Gain Characteristic. 4.3 Tuning of Comb-Mode Spectrum. 4.4 Simultaneous Tuning of Cavity Gain and Comb-Mode Spectrum. 4.5 Electronic Wavelength Control. 4.5.1 The Free-Carrier Plasma Effect. 4.5.2 The Quantum-Confined Stark Effect. 4.5.3 Thermal Tuning. 4.6 Integration Techniques. 4.7 Dynamic Behavior. 5 Wavelength-Tunable Single-Mode Laser Diodes. 5.1 Longitudinally Integrated Structures. 5.1.1 Two-Section DBR Laser. 5.1.2 Three-Section DBR Laser. 5.1.3 Multisection DFB Laser. 5.2 Transversely Integrated Structures. 5.2.1 Tunable Twin-Guide DFB Laser. 5.2.2 Striped Heater DFB Laser. 5.3 Integration Technology. 5.4 Physical Limitations on the Continuous Tuning Range. 5.5 Tuning Dynamics and Modulation. 6 Linewidth Broadening. 6.1 Injection-Recombination Shot Noise in the Tuning Region. 6.2 Impedance and Thermal Noise of Bias Source. 6.3 Spatial Correlation. 6.4 1/f Noise. 6.5 Fluctuations of Bias Source. 7 Widely Tunable Monolithic Laser Diodes. 7.1 The Vernier Effect. 7.2 DBR-type Laser Structures. 7.2.1 Sampled-Grating DBR Lasers. 7.2.2 Superstructure-Grating DBR Lasers. 7.2.3 Digital Supermode DBR Lasers. 7.2.4 Superimposed and Binary Gratings. 7.3 Interferometric Structures. 7.3.1 Lateral Integration: The Y-Laser. 7.3.2 Transverse Integration: The VMZ Laser. 7.4 Codirectionally Coupled Laser Diodes. 7.4.1 Theory for Codirectional Coupling. 7.4.2 Tuning and Mode Spacing. 7.4.3 Longitudinally Integrated Structures. 7.4.4 Transversely Integrated Structures. 7.5 Combination of Techniques. 7.5.1 The Grating-Coupled Sampled-Reflector Laser. 7.5.2 The Modulated-Grating Y-structure Laser. 7.6 Comparison of Widely Tunable Monolithic Laser Structures. 8 Practical Issues Related to Monolithic Tunable Laser Diodes. 8.1 Characterization and Control. 8.1.1 DFB and DBR Lasers. 8.1.2 Widely Tunable Lasers. 8.2 Wavelength Stability and Aging. 8.3 Modulation and Wavelength-Switching Dynamics. 8.3.1 Modulation and Transmission. 8.3.2 Wavelength Switching. 8.4 Monolithic Integration. 9 Related DWDM Sources. 9.1 External-Cavity Lasers. 9.1.1 External Grating and External Filter Cavities. 9.1.2 MEMS External Cavities. 9.1.3 Hybrid Structures. 9.2 Vertical-Cavity Lasers. 9.2.1 VCSEL Basics. 9.2.2 Tunable VCSELs. 9.3 Laser Arrays. 9.3.1 Multistripe Arrays. 9.3.2 Selectable Arrays. 9.3.3 DBR Arrays. 9.3.4 Phased Arrays. 9.4 Technology Summary. 9.5 Fiber and Waveguide Lasers. 9.6 Tunable Pulse Sources and Comb Generators. 10 Communications Applications and Requirements. 10.1 Wavelength Tunability. 10.1.1 Tuning Speed and Latency. 10.1.2 Tuning Continuity. 10.1.3 Tuning Uniformity. 10.1.4 Tuning Stability and Accuracy. 10.1.5 Other Design Considerations. 10.2 Functions and Components. 10.2.1 Tunable Transmitters and Transponders. 10.2.2 Tunable Wavelength Converters with Regeneration Capability. 10.2.3 Optical Wavelength Switches. 10.3 Communications Applications. 10.3.1 Point-to-Point Links and Networks. 10.3.2 Fixed-Wavelength Networks. 10.3.3 Reconfigurable Networks. 10.3.4 Optical-Protection Switching. 10.3.5 Optical-Burst Switching. 10.3.6 Photonic-Packet Switching. 11 Other Applications. 11.1 Optical Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar. 11.2 Optical Components Characterization. 11.3 Trace-Gas Sensing, Environmental Analysis, and Spectroscopy. 11.4 Heterodyne Techniques. 11.5 Optical Spectrum and Network Analysis. 11.6 Anemometry. Appendix A: Refractive Index of InGaAsP. Appendix B: The Slab Waveguide. Appendix C: Transfer Matrices. Appendix D: Thermal Response of a Laser Diode. D.1 Pulse Response in the Time Domain. D.2 Response in the Frequency Domain. Appendix E: Theory for General Reflectors. Appendix F: Codirectional Coupling. List of Symbols. List of Acronyms. Index. About the Authors.
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A compact cascaded tunable distributed feedback semiconductor laser is proposed and theoretically analyzed. Each laser section (LS) is formed by two adjacent grating sections (GSs) with slightly different Bragg wavelengths and a π phase shift in the joint between them. A step-wise grating period profile is designed to realize multi-channel lasing. Since two LSs share a common GS, the total cavity length of the tunable laser is significantly reduced. As an example, a tunable laser with six GSs and five π phase shifts was designed and analyzed, resulting in a continuous tuning range of 12 nm. The total length of the laser is reduced by 40% compared with the conventional structure. Furthermore, an improved structure with apodized grating in each GS is also proposed. The single mode stability and fabrication tolerance are significantly improved. Due to the compact structure, the cost of the proposed laser can be highly reduced. Therefore, we think the proposed structure would benefit the practical applications to the low cost tunable lasers in wavelength-division multiplexing systems.
Fiber Bragg Grating
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The tunable mode-locked laser based on time-to-wavelength mapping is a relatively unexplored alternative to tunable sources that can be applied to transmission and wavelength switching in optical networks. These lasers have the advantages of a simple tuning mechanism, good wavelength reproducibility, and simple cavity design. The state of research is discussed.
Mode (computer interface)
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Laser linewidth
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We propose a novel approach of fast tunable laser, which uses high-speed driving circuit and DFB semiconductor laser array to achieve the fast switching of wavelength. We use single chip microcomputer and FPGA to form the control system, and a high-speed driving circuit to ensure the switching speed. The 8-channel DFB laser array was fabricated based on reconstruction-equivalent-chirp (REC) technique. The experimental result shows that the switching time of the wavelength is about 30 ns.
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We report a high speed directly modulated widely tunable dual wavelength distributed feedback (DFB) laser for THz communication application. The wavelength separation between the two modes can be thermally tuned between 96 GHz and 1510 GHz. The device can be directly modulated by high speed data at up to 25 Gb/s data rate, which facilitates high speed data modulation in a THz communication system. The device emits at 1.3 μm wavelength, which helps to increase the transmission distance of high-speed baseband data in fibers and lowers the request for wavelength tuning range to obtain the same THz frequency when compared with 1.5 μm wavelength devices. The presented results show that our dual wavelength device is promising for future low cost and high capacity THz communication system.
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We demonstrate a novel tunable distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD) array with dual output of 13 dBm and 10 dBm, which can be used as full L-band light source for an optical transmitter and a local oscillator simultaneously in a coherent optical communication system.
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