Restaurant smoking restrictions and environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
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OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effectiveness of smoking restrictions. METHODS: We measured particulate concentrations in restaurants with different levels of allowable smoking. RESULTS: Mean particulate concentrations were 70% higher in establishments without smoking restrictions compared with those with partial smoking restrictions. Concentrations in nonsmoking restaurants were reduced by an additional 20% to 30%. Measurements of cadmium, an environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) marker, implicated ETS as the major source of particulate in restaurants that allowed smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Partial smoking restrictions substantially reduce, but do not eliminate, ETS exposure in restaurants. Occupants of nonsmoking restaurants avoid ETS exposure but may experience substantial particulate exposures from cooking emissions.Keywords:
Tobacco smoke
Secondhand Smoke
Passive smoking
CADMIUM EXPOSURE
Smoking ban
Tobacco use is one of the world's leading public health concerns. Globally and domestically, active and passive smoking are associated with an array of deleterious health outcomes. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also referred to as passive smoke and second-hand smoke, exists in all countries and cultures and there is no level of exposure to ETS that is risk free [1]. Over 50 % of children worldwide are exposed to ETS in their homes while 60 % of US children between ages 3 and 11 years are exposed [1, 2].
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OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) among infants aged 5～8 months and their mothers during pregnancy;the factors smoking with infants,and their mothers'exposure to ETS;and the change of infants,fathers smoking behavior during their wives'pregnancy. METHODS Mothers with infants aged 5～8 months from three communities in urban Shanghai was investigated through face to face interview and postmail interview from June 2005 to August 2006. RESULTS The prevalence of exposure to ETS and passive smoking among non-smoking women during pregnancy was 38.2% and 24.8% respectively. Living with others except husband and baby,and working was significantly associated with passive smoking during pregnancy. Colleagues,husbands,friends and strangers were the main sources of mothers'exposure to ETS,and home and office were the main exposure places.The rate of exposure to ETS and passive smoking among infants aged 5～8 months was 21.3% and 11.2% respectively. The mothers'education influenced infants'passive smoking significantly. Home was the main place and infants'father was popular source of infants'exposure to ETS. 38.3%of infants'fathers changed their smoking behavior during their wives's pregnancy.Among them,19.7% quitted smoke,19.1% reduced the amounts of smoke,and 12.8% quitted smoke successfully. CONCLUSION The change of fathers,smoking behavior spontaneously indicated that fathers began to be concerned about the infants'health problem from ETS exposure,and pregnancy was possibly the best period for intervening ETS exposure to infants and pregnant women. As work places became one of the main exposure places,controlling smoking in work places would be one of important measures to reduce ETS exposure of pregnant women.
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ÖZETSigara ya da diğer tütün ürünlerinin yanması sonucu ortaya çıkan duman ile sigara içen kişinin soluğuyla yayılan dumanın bileşimi
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本稿の目的は，現代日本の地域政策において主要な課題の一つである喫煙問題に対して，受動喫煙に苦しむ当事者の視点から，身近な環境問題としての受動喫煙被害の実態を明らかにすることである．2007年から2008年にかけて，タバコ問題に取り組む市民団体等の紹介を経て，東京，名古屋，大阪の三大都市圏において受動喫煙被害の当事者に対する聞き取り調査を実施した．その結果，現代の日本では，さまざまな日常空間において受動喫煙の被害が生じており，それにより少なからず生活に支障をきたしていることが明らかになった．本稿の調査を通じて，日本の受動喫煙対策が不十分であることが導出されるとともに，早急な法的整備などによる社会環境の改善が望まれる．
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A possible relationship between passive smoking and coronary heart disease has been widely debated during the past decade. Convincing evidence links environmental (passive) tobacco smoke exposure to heart disease morbidity as well as mortality. In the United States, 37 000 coronary heart disease deaths per year are attributed to environmental tobacco smoke exposure, accounting for 70% of all deaths caused by environmental tobacco smoke. The analysis of 10 epidemiologic studies indicated a consistent dose-response effect related to exposure, but more proof is still needed. Evidence indicates that nonsmokers are more sensitive to smoke, including cardiovascular effects, and that sidestream smoke contains higher concentrations of gas constituents, including carbon monoxide. Pathophysiological and biochemical data after short- and long-term environmental tobacco smoke exposure show changes in endothelial and platelet function as well as exercise capacity similar to those in active smoking. Therefore, passive smoking is a relevant risk factor for heart disease morbidity and mortality. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1942-1948)
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Active smoking is a major cause of lung cancer. The dose-response relation between exposure to tobacco smoke and risk of lung cancer is almost linear. No threshold level is apparent below which the risk of lung cancer is not increased. Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) inhaled by passive smokers contains most of the carcinogenic compounds inhaled directly by smokers. Carcinogens specific to tobacco smoke and carcinogen-DNA adducts are found in urine and blood samples of passive smokers. Animal experiments also suggest the carcinogenic effect of ETS. So the existence of association of passive smoking and lung cancer is biologically plausible. There are convincing epidemiologic evidences that ETS is causally related to the development of lung cancer. The studies of household exposure by spouse and workplace exposure have been found that passive smoking increased the risk of lung cancer. There are controversies about the relationship between exposure to ETS in childhood and the risk of lung cancer. However, some reports showed the causal relationship between childhood ETS exposure and lung cancer. It is necessary that non-smokers and smokers have a knowledge of the harmful effect of passive smoking to protect their health.
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In the second of a two-part series, we summarise the evidence on effective public health policies to protect against passive smoking. Part I looked at the health effects of passive smoking.
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Implementing smoking bans is a worldwide common practice for tobacco control. However, if the policy prohibits smoking partially rather than comprehensively, it may increase nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in nonprohibited places. This paper investigates how a partial smoking ban affected nonsmokers’ SHS exposure (measured by frequency of having exposure to SHS in days per month) in households, workplaces, and restaurants by examining the case of a partial smoking ban introduced in a large Japanese prefecture in 2013. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) in 2010, 2013, and 2016 (n = 30,244) and the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions (CSLC) from 2001 to 2016 (n = 2,366,896), this paper employs a difference-in-differences (DID) approach. We found that the partial smoking ban significantly increased their SHS exposure in households and workplaces by 2.64 days and 4.70 days per month, respectively, while it did not change nonsmokers’ SHS exposure in restaurants. The results imply that the smoking ban displaced smokers from public places to private places. We also found that neither smokers’ smoking status nor smoking intensity changed significantly after implementing the partial smoking ban. Comprehensive smoking bans are needed to better protect nonsmokers from SHS exposure.
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The author presents data on the biological casualties and consequences of tobacco-smoking. Smoking is the most dangerous addiction in the scale of the world and in Poland. It causes numerous premature decrease and tobacco-dependent sickness. The author characterises the spread of this addiction in Poland concentrating on the problem of the passive smoking harmfulness. Non-smokers, children and youth, embryo and foetus during the pregnancy are exposed to the passive smoking. The experimental examinations of animals and the analysis of the lateral stream of the tobacco smoke confirm not the least, but rather the greater damage of the passive smoking than the active one. The mechanisms of acting of the tobacco smoke on the passive smokers' body and the health consequences are discussed. The manners, means and activities that are useful for the health protection of non-smokers against the tobacco smoke and the ways of the smoking prevention are described.
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