Phytosterol Oxidation Products Are Absorbed in the Intestinal Lymphatics in Rats but Do Not Accelerate Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
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Phytosterol
Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
Mevalonic acid
Plant sterols
Unsaponifiable
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Abstract The phytosterols of Digitalis purpurea occur as lipids and as glucosides. Gas-liquid chromatography and mass-spectrometry indicated that both fractions contained sitosterol as the major component, and also varying proportions of stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol. Certain of the lipid fractions contained 24-methylenecholesterol. The phytosterol concentrations and relative proportions were determined at monthly intervals during the first year of growth, and also in various morphological units of second year plants. The composition of the phytosterol fractions depended upon the plant organ examined and also upon the phase of growth of the plant.
Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
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Abstract Campesterol is present in all the phytosterol‐containing dietary hypocholesterolemic agents in current use. Campesterol is absorbed more efficiently than sitosterol, and the question of its possible atherogenicity has been raised. To test this possibility, rabbits were fed either a semipurified, cholesterol‐free diet that has been shown to be atherogenic for this species or the same diet augmented with 0.5 g of phytosterol‐rich diet preparations (spreads) containing either sitosterol or sitostanol. The diets contained 295 mg phytosterol per 100 g. After 60 d, serum cholesterol levels in the two phytosterol groups were 78±4 mg/dL (sitosterol) and 76±4 mg/dL (sitostanol), respectively. The serum cholesterol level of rabbits fed the control diet was 105±8 mg/dL. Serum campesterol (μg/mL) levels were higher than sitosterol or sitostanol levels in all groups. Aortic phytosterols were present in nanogram quantities compared to cholesterol, which was present in microgram quantities. The ratio of campesterol/sitosterol/sitostanol in the aortas was: control, 1.00∶0.43∶0.02; sitosterol, 1∶00∶0.32∶0.01; sitostanol, 1∶00∶0.34∶0.11. Aortic campesterol was present at 4% the concentration of aortic cholesterol, sitosterol at 1.4%, and sitostanol at 0.14%. Aortic lesions were not present in any of the animals.
Phytosterol
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Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
Ergosterol
Degree of unsaturation
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Vital to the stability of plant cell membranes, phytosterols are present in all foods of plant origin. Over forty different known phytosterols, of which β‐sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol are prevalent in natural products, can be distinguished from cholesterol as well as from each other. The development of formulations of chemically unbound, non‐crystalline phytosterols is desirable in order to decrease the required daily dose, at constant health promoting effect.
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Stigmasterol
Phytosterol
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The content and composition of sterols, sterol esters and fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol and sterol esters fractions isolated from the seed oil of four Bulgarian grape varieties - Super ran bolgar, Bolgar, Mavroud and Shiroka melnishka loza - were investigated. The total sterol content was estimated to be 0.3-0.4% with an amount of free sterols - 93.4-97.0% and that of sterol esters - 3.0-6.6%. Sterol composition of both sterol fractions was determined by gas chromatography. -Sitosterol was the main component in both sterol fractions (66.8-73.2%) followed by campesterol (7.1-24.5%) and stigmasterol (2.7-6.9%). The content of cholesterol and stigmasterol in sterol esters was found to be several times higher than in the fraction of free sterols (1.3-2.0% vs 0.5-0.7 % and 3.2-6.9% vs 2.7-3.3% respectively). On the contrary, the percentage of campesterol in the sterol esters (7.1-14.0%) was about two times lower than in the free sterols fraction (19.1-24.5%). Linoleic acid predominated in all samples of sterol esters followed by oleic and palmitic acids (40.7-53.8 %, 24.9-35.5% and 13.0-16.7% respectively); the content of these acids in the triacylglycerols fractions were in the ranges 68.5-72.3%, 16.3-18.7% and 8.8-11.5% respectively.
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Fraction (chemistry)
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참기름中 不감貨物은 RWE가 3.1%이고 RTE는 2.6%이며 全 sterol은 RTP가 0.68%이고 RTE가 0.48%이며 全 sterol中 free sterol이 37.9 (RTP)~52.7%(RTE)로서 sterylglycoside 및 sterylester보다 그 含量이 많다. 참기름中 total sterol의 구성 sterol組成은 39.3~42.9%의 sitosterol, 13.0~17.2%의 △^5-avenasterol, 9.1~11.0%의 campesterol 및 7.4~11.5%의 stigmasterol이며 23.5~24.6%의 未知sterol (RRT:1.35)도 含有되어 있었고 sterylglycoside는 total sterol의 sterol組成과 거의 같은 傾向이었으나 free sterol과 sterylester는 △^5-avenasterol이 8.1~11.4%로서 campesterol 및 stigmasterol보다 含有比가 낮았다. 한편 採油方法別 sterol組成은 差異가 거의 없었다.
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