Mothers' Educational Expectations for Sons and Daughters in Rural China
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We investigate maternal attitudes about gender equity and their relationship to educational expectations for sons and daughters in rural China using a survey of 2000 mothers and children in Gansu Province. Our findings suggest that most mothers hold egalitarian attitudes in terms of gender equity, but most expect future support from sons. Mothers’ own attitudes about gender equity, their expectations of future support, and their children’s past educational achievements predict their educational aspirations for their children. Interestingly, gender biases in aspirations appear more pronounced among mothers of mediocre students – mothers seem to be more forgiving of the mediocre academic performance of sons relative to daughters.Keywords:
Gender Equity
Equity
Educational Equity
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Abstract Bangladesh has made progress in advancing adolescent girls’ education, but there remain substantial evidence gaps around age and gender differences in motivations, retention, and access to education for adolescents living in urban slums. This article draws on quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2017 and 2018 by Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) with adolescents aged 10–17 across three low-income areas in Dhaka to explore adolescent educational attainment, aspirations, and environmental factors that constrain both. We find high educational and professional aspirations among adolescents and their parents, with parental support being an important predictor of both current enrolment and adolescent aspirations. Location is also an important predictor of adolescent aspirations and enrolment, highlighting the importance of infrastructure and services, integration into the city, and stability of the community (including schools and facilities), along with higher incomes and better employment opportunities for households.
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No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers22 Jun 2013Empowering Women: Evidence from a Field Experiment in AfghanistanAuthors/Editors: Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben EnikolopovAndrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopovhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6269SectionsAboutPDF (0.8 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:In societies with widespread gender discrimination, development programs that encourage female participation in local governance can potentially redress gender imbalances in economic, political, and social outcomes. Using a randomized field experiment encompassing 500 Afghan villages, this study finds that a development program which incorporates mandated female participation increases female mobility and involvement in income generation, but does not change female roles in family decision-making or attitudes toward the general role of women in society. Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByWomen Leaders During a Global CrisisInternational Perspectives in Psychology, Vol.10, No.3Exploring the influence of family level and socio-demographic factors on women's decision-making ability over access to reproductive health care services in Balkh province, AfghanistanHealth Care for Women International, Vol.41, No.719 September 2019Imagining Afghanistan, Vol.129 June 2020Citizen engagement in public services in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A mixed‐methods systematic review of participation, inclusion, transparency and accountability (PITA) initiativesCampbell Systematic Reviews, Vol.15, No.1-22 August 2019PROTOCOL: Participation, inclusion, transparency and accountability (PITA) to improve public services in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic reviewCampbell Systematic Reviews, Vol.14, No.130 July 2018Community-Driven Development in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Revisiting Concepts, Functions and FundamentalsStability: International Journal of Security & Development, Vol.4, No.1Fast-Track Institution Building in Conflict-Affected Countries? Insights from Recent Field ExperimentsWorld Development, Vol.64Fishing, Commitment, and Communication: A Proposal for Comprehensive Nonbinding Research RegistrationPolitical Analysis, Vol.21, No.14 January 2017Gender Discrimination and Social Identity: Experimental Evidence from Urban PakistanSSRN Electronic Journal View Published: November 2012 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsSouth AsiaRelated CountriesAfghanistanRelated TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthGender KeywordsECONOMICS OF GENDERFIELD EXPERIMENTAFGHANISTAN PDF DownloadLoading ...
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Left behind
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We use rich data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey to assess the relationship between mothers' access to social capital via participation in community activities and their children's health. We exploit the advantages of longitudinal data and community fixed effects to mitigate some of the concerns about spuriousness and reverse causality that predominate in this literature. We find that children from families with relatively low levels of human and financial capital fare better with respect to health status when their mothers are more active participants in community organizations. In fact, the association between maternal participation and child health is strong and positive only for children from relatively disadvantaged backgrounds, as measured by their mothers' educational and household economic resources. The results suggest that in poorer settings community involvement may benefit disadvantaged families, possibly by providing resources and information that would otherwise be inaccessible.
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Abstract This article examines the relationship between empowerment gaps between spouses and children's nutritional status and education using nationally representative data from the 2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. We measure relative empowerment of spouses using the recently developed Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. We find that while gender gaps in empowerment are only linked weakly to children's nutritional status, fathers’ and mothers’ empowerment have different effects on investment in children. Fathers’ empowerment is positively associated with younger children's nutrition and schooling, while mothers’ empowerment is more important for girls’ education in general and in keeping older boys and girls in school.
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This article investigates the emergence of female education and its social impacts in a remote and male-dominated mountain community through a case study of Nagar District in northern Pakistan. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 24 women from different educational backgrounds and 15 selected male informants, the study reveals a notable increase in educational opportunities for girls and young women within a relatively short time span, and shows how these changes have affected local perceptions of women's social roles. While there are mixed opinions about the usefulness of education for girls—some find that educated women are better housewives and mothers, while others highlight career opportunities for women—female education has clearly contributed to an increase in self-determination of women. Young women now marry later and have fewer children, parents give their daughters more freedom, and education has contributed to an increase in female mobility and to a more confident and visible role of women in community life. While other aspects of social change also play critical roles, this study shows that female education is one important element in the development of a more equitable society in mountains and elsewhere.
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Abstract Industrialization and urbanization processes have challenged deeply held traditional gender norms and facilitated the emergence of modern ideologies in South Africa. This paper seeks to explore the gendered roles of family members on maternal and child nutrition and investigate indications of perceived change in related practices. A qualitative secondary analysis was conducted of data from nine focus group discussions (FGDs) held with men ( n = 3) and women ( n = 6) aged ≥18. Data from the FGD were coded and thematic analysis conducted. We found that elderly women seem to have a central advisory role with respect to maternal and child nutrition and that men and elderly women upheld patriarchal gender divisions of labour, which entrust mothers with the primarily responsibility for young children's nutrition. Young mothers relied on elderly women for provision of childcare and nutritious foods for children; however, they demonstrated some resistance to traditionally feminized forms of food preparation. We found that men's involvement in children's nutrition was limited, though they expressed a preference to be more involved in maternal and child nutrition and care practices. A gender transformative approach to policy development, which includes elderly women and men, has the potential to promote more gender‐equitable nutrition practices, increase young women's self‐efficacy and support them to overcome barriers that could be limiting their decision making power in achieving optimal nutrition for themselves and their children.
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Background: To attain the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls, it is important to understand gender disparities and to design appropriate interventions. This study aimed to analyze the context of gender disparities in Afar region, Ethiopia. Method: Using a pre-established gender analysis framework, an explorative qualitative study was conducted in five districts. Sixteen key informant interviews and eight focus group discussions were conducted with adolescent and youth aged 10-29 years and adult women and men aged 30-49 years and 30-54 years respectively. The analysis included the exploration of five gender dimensions including division of labour, access and control over resources, sense of self-efficacy, decision-making autonomy, and policy environment affecting women’s sexual reproductive health status. Results: This study revealed that housekeeping in the family which includes household chores, house construction for the family, and caring for cattle is the responsibility of women. Relative to men, women in Afar are at a socioeconomic disadvantage as they are prevented from owning or controlling resources within the family. Access to education is low for girls and largely privileged for boys which limits their access to information and socio-economic mobility. Women commonly marry at an early age, further limiting their access to education. Additionally, women are limited in their ability to freely access health care services; there is a community practice of accompaniment, which discourages health-seeking behaviors of women. The fate of many rights for young girls associated to cultural norms and marriage approach of the region called Absuma or cousin –prospective husband. Absuma - promissory marriage arrangement whereby the future husbands of girls are known before they are born is the most important factor that hinders Afari women’s and girls’ gender equality. Collectively, these factors contribute significantly to the sexual and reproductive health challenges faced by women and girls in the study area. Conclusion: Women and girls are the most vulnerable members of the Afar society. Many of the region’s social and cultural norms limit women’s access to power, marginalizing them within their communities. It is critical the government and various stakeholders to design an integrated approach to enable gender equity within the community. Moreover, the women’s health should address this problem to meet the SDG target of gender equality. Keywords: Gender; gender analysis, gender equity, value, empowerment
Child marriage
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The role of females
education in the social and economic growth of a country is well
recognized. In Rural Pakistan, females are far behind in their
education. The present study attempts to identify the community,
household, parental and cultural determinants of the female
educational attainment in the rural setting of Punjab, Pakistan. The
households with at least one female child who had attained final
educational level within the past five years in the rural areas of
Jhang and Faisalabad constitute the population of the study.
Triangulation approach consisting of quantitative and qualitative
survey has been deployed for the study.For qualitative analysis, 50
information rich cases were selected from the population area using
the snow-ball sampling technique. For quantitative analysis, a
sample of 700 female children was selected from the rural areas of
two districts (Faisalabad and Jhang) of central Punjab. Two towns (Lyallpur
town and Chak Jhumra town) from district Faisalabad, while two
tehsils (Jhang and Chiniot) were selected from district Jhang using
the simple random sampling technique.
The findings of qualitative approach reveal that distances of
educational institutions for females, mothers illiteracy, poverty,
child labour, unawareness of the heads of the households about the
benefits of girls schooling and traditional attitude in terms of
gender bias towards female schooling are the major hindrances in the
educational attainment of rural females. The descriptive,
inferential and qualitative analyses demonstrated that
community,parental, economic and cultural factors are vitally
important in explaining the female educational attainment in rural
areas. The study found a negative effect of school distances on the
educational attainment of the units of analysis. Higher Female
Education Ratio (FER) of the village, better education of mother and
father, higher income of the household, and innovative attitude and
better awareness level of the Head Of the Household (HOH) emerged as
significant predictors of the educational attainment of the units of
analysis. A lower caste status of the family, child labour, higher
chances of early marriage, and high gender bias level of the heads
of the households had negative effect on the response variable..
Late age at enrolment of units of analysis caused their early
dropout from schools. The results of the study are in close
agreement with the theories of cultural reproduction (Bourdieu
theory Bernstein theory) and feministic approaches (radical,
liberal and socialist feminisms).The research concluded that the
trajectory of poverty, traditional thinking and low awareness about
the benefits of females education are the close approximation of
low educational
attainment of rural females in the selected areas. Low education of
parents, low social statuses of families and higher opportunity
costs of girls also have a dampening effect on the females
schooling in the study population. The qualitative descriptions of
the key informants stressed establishing more secondary level
schools for girls in rural areas. They also proposed introducing the
anjumans mean local NGOs to increase the demand for female
education among parents and to improve the situation of supply side
factors in the community. The findings of the study suggest to plan
programmes for poverty alleviation and to control the child labour
in the rural areas. To change the perceptions of society about
females and their education is the need of the hour.
Government-private partnership campaign to increase the awareness
about benefits of female education among male heads of the
households and the families of low social status can increase the
schooling participation of rural females.
Functional illiteracy
Educational Attainment
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