Density-dependent dispersal and relative dispersal affect the stability of predator–prey metacommunities
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Metacommunity
Density dependence
Abies yuanbaoshanensis Y. J. Lu et L. K. Fu is a rare and endangered plant, it is only found on Yuanbaoshan Mountain in Guangxi, China. By using Hegyi,s competition index model for individual tree 〔 CI =∑ N j =1( Dj/Di )·1 Lij 〕, the intraspecific and interspecific competition in A. yuanbaoshanensis community were investigated. The results show that intraspecific competition of A. yuanbaoshanensis is more intensive than interspecific competition. The competition intensity of competitive tree against objective tree and the size of objective tree fit power function CI =A D +{ B }, and competition intensity decreases with the increase of the size of objective tree. The CI change is not significant when the DBH of A. yuanbaoshanensis reaches 35-40 cm. The model can simulate and predict the intraspecific and interspecific competition among Abies yuanbaoshanensis community in Guangxi.=
Storage effect
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We will be looking at the two types of competition in ecology - interspecific and intraspecific competition. We hypothesize that there will be a significant different in plant growth between interspecific and intraspecific competition. A total of 432 plants were grown in 216 pots, with 54 seeds on each of our flats. They were germinated in six competitive environments, a different combination of Barley, Seteria and Wisconsin. Measurements for height, leaf count, flower count and shoot biomass was taken during week two and three. Our results showed that certain plants grew well with certain plants. This research showed that different plants fare differently in the competitive environments, and even plants within their own species can have a hard time surviving.
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Setaria
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Heptacodium miconioides is a Chinese special monospermous plant under state Grade-Ⅱ protection and now the wild resource was few. Using Hegyi individual tree competition index model, the relation of intraspecific and interspecific competition in Heptacodium miconioides distributed at Tiantai mountain of Zhejiang Province was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the intraspecific competition intensity in Heptacodium miconioides decreased gradually with the increasing of forest tree diameter class and the interspecific competition in Heptacodium miconioides was stronger than those in associated tree species. The degressive order of the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity in Heptacodium miconioides was interspecific competition, Fraximus insulsris, Lindera rubronewia, Cyclocarya paliurus, Acer davidii,Meliosma veitchiorum, Prumus vaniotii ,Crytomeria fortunei and Alniphylium fortunei. The relationship between the competition intensity and the diameter at breast height of objective tree obeyed power function. The intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity in Heptacodium miconioides could be prognosticated using the model. The predicated results showed that the competition intensity became small and the range was not too large when the diameter at breast height of Heptacodium miconioides reached 20 cm.
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Using Hegyi′s competition index model of single tree,the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity is quantitatively analyzed.The result shows: the intraspecific ,interspecific,entire stands competition intensity of objective tree Cyclocarya paliurua (Batal.)Ilinsk decreases with increase in diameter class and the intraspecific competition intensity is more intensive than interspecific competition intensity; The relation between competion intensity and individul size of objective tree in diameter class closely follow equation CI=AD~\{-B\}.When diameter size of objective tree≥26 cm,change of competition intensity is feeble.The study provides quantitative index for cultivation of mixed plantation.
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Intensity
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The intraspecific and interspecific competition among the adults of three grasshoppers,Angaracris rhodopa,Oedaleus decorus asiaticus and Chorthippus fallax were studied by field cage method.The results showed that A.rhodopapreferred to feverfew while O.decorus asiaticus and C.fallaxto gramineous plants.A.rhodopahad stronger intraspecific competition than O.decorus asiaticus and C.fallax.The interspecific competition between A.rhodopaand O.decorus asiaticus or C.fallax was weak while competition between O.decorus asiaticus and C.fallax was strong.Intraspecific competition among three species was strong at high densities and decreased along with the densities down.In mixed feeding of two or three grasshopper populations,the mortality of A.rhodopawas higher than that of O.decorus asiaticus or C.fallax,which showed that interspecific competition was asymmetric.
Grasshopper
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Abstract Theory predicts that intraspecific competition should be stronger than interspecific competition for any pair of stably coexisting species, yet previous literature reviews found little support for this pattern. We screened over 5400 publications and identified 39 studies that quantified phenomenological intraspecific and interspecific interactions in terrestrial plant communities. Of the 67% of species pairs in which both intra‐ and interspecific effects were negative (competitive), intraspecific competition was, on average, four to five‐fold stronger than interspecific competition. Of the remaining pairs, 93% featured intraspecific competition and interspecific facilitation, a situation that stabilises coexistence. The difference between intra‐ and interspecific effects tended to be larger in observational than experimental data sets, in field than greenhouse studies, and in studies that quantified population growth over the full life cycle rather than single fitness components. Our results imply that processes promoting stable coexistence at local scales are common and consequential across terrestrial plant communities.
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Coexistence theory
Facilitation
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Abstract Understanding species coexistence has long been a major goal of ecology. Coexistence theory for two competing species posits that intraspecific density dependence should be stronger than interspecific density dependence. Great tits and blue tits are two bird species that compete for food resources and nesting cavities. On the basis of long‐term monitoring of these two competing species at sites across Europe, combining observational and manipulative approaches, we show that the strength of density regulation is similar for both species, and that individuals have contrasting abilities to compete depending on their age. For great tits, density regulation is driven mainly by intraspecific competition. In contrast, for blue tits, interspecific competition contributes as much as intraspecific competition, consistent with asymmetric competition between the two species. In addition, including age‐specific effects of intra‐ and interspecific competition in density‐dependence models improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.
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Density dependence
Coexistence theory
Population density
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Cephalisation in Canidae Studied were the intraspecific and interspecific relationships between brain weight and body weight in Canidae. Inclination values of the allometric lines: intraspecific – 0,25, interspecific 0,571. Most of the studied species have nearly the same degree of cephalisation, deviations from the interspecific allometric line are small; the cephalisation of Nyctereutes and Otocyon is less developed than in the other canid species. There is no difference in cephalisation between most canids and felids. Mustelids show a high variability in cephalisation. Criticized were the data of Bauchot (1985) and Gittleman (1986) on brain weight and body weight.
Allometry
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Storage effect
Chemostat
Coexistence theory
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