Variation in the responses of litter and phylloplane fungi to UV-B radiation (290–315 nm)
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Phyllosphere
Spore germination
Cladosporium cladosporioides
The influence of light and temperature on the spore germination of Neocheiropteris palmatopedata were studied by tissue culture and light microscopy. The preliminary results showed the spore germination of N. palmatopedata depended on light and had photodormancy. Light was the major influence factor of spore germination. At temperature of 25 ℃, the spore germination percentage reached (85.1±5.1)%. At the same temperature there was no spore germination in the dark after 50 days of culture, and then the spores were transferred into light, the spore germination percentage reached (82.4±6.6)%. The optimal temperatures for germination was 21.6–26.5 ℃ in light. The spores began to germinate after 7 days and germinated completely after 6–7 weeks. The changes in temperature could reduce the spore germination percentage.
Spore germination
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Pteris vittata L.,a fern,was tissue cultured for spore germination under different durations of light and darkness at different temperatures and observed under light microscope.The spore of P.vittata L.is light required and has photodormancy.Light is the major environmental factor that influences spore germination.When the fern was cultured at 25 ℃ under the light of 14 hrs/day the spores germinated at a rate of(85.4±3.1)% while no spore germination occurred at the same temperature at the day 49 in dark culture,but when the latter was transferred to culture under the light condition,the spore germination rate increased to(81.4±5.6)%.The optimal temperature for spore germination ranged from 19.41 ℃ to 30.41 ℃ under the light.The spores began to germinate within 3-5 days and their germination were completed after 6-7 weeks.The temperature beyond the optimal range reduces the spore germination percentage.
Spore germination
Pteris vittata
Darkness
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In order to determine the optimal level condition of spore germination and hyphal growth,several factors that influence spores germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) were optimized by L16(45) multifactor orthogonal experiment and the best level of spore germination was determined.The results showed that the best technical conditions were as following: pH 8,10 g/L of water agar,10 days of culture cycle,20 days of aging storage,28 ℃ of culture temperature.We found not only the spore germination was earlier and the germination rate of spores was higher,but also the hyphal growth was more stronger under the optimal condition.
Spore germination
Glomus
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This paper presents the first report of cultivation of Scutellospora calospora with RiTDNA transformed carrot (Daucus carota L) roots Carrot root transformation was done using Agrobacterium rhizogenes Spore germination tests were conducted on 6 water agar and minimal media to assess the time taken for germination Morphological characteristics of extraradical mycelium intraradical mycelium branched absorbing structures and auxiliary cell formation were recorded Auxiliary cell formation started within 35 days of root contact and continued until 2 months There was an extensive thick brown extraradical mycelial development following root infection but spore formation was low (four spores) and was observed only after 8 months Spores were full of oil globules and were produced on MSR medium but not M medium
Daucus carota
Spore germination
Endophyte
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Zinc release is the first quantitatively significant event detected during the triggering of Bacillus megaterium KM spore germination. Of the total spore Zn2+ pool 25% is released from non-heat-activated spores within 4 min of triggering germination. During this period only 10% of the spore population becomes irreversibly committed to germinate. The investigation of a putative role for Zn2+ in the germination trigger mechanism has established a relationship between the rate and extent of Zn2+ release and the stimulation of spore germination by heat activation. Furthermore, a correlation can be demonstrated between the extent of zinc release from spore populations and the time required to obtain 50% commitment of these populations to germinate over a wide temperature range. These findings have been used to expand a recently published model for the triggering of bacterial spore germination.
Bacillus megaterium
Spore germination
Bacterial spore
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Cladosporium
Phyllosphere
Spore germination
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Fruit rot incited by Phomopsis citri of mandarin [(Citrus reticulata) was observed at Horticultural farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Natural rotted fruits had abundant black sporulation on sunken necrotic spot. Fungus was identified as Phomopsis citri. Pathogenicity test were confirmed on main host as well as on Kinnow, sweet orange, mosambii, karna khatta and lemon fruits. In vitro studies revealed that fungus grew and sporulated well on Potato dextrose agar as well as malt extract solid and liquid media. An optimum temperature of 30±2°C favoured maximum mycelial growth (82.0 mm) and sporulation (+++) followed by 25±2°C (68.0 mm). Out of Seven type of light intensity, brown light was found more favorable (90.80 mm) by supporting the growth and sporulation of the pathogen and darkness light gave least growth and sporulation. Relative humidity at 100 per cent gave maximum mycelial growth (88.90 mm), sporulation (+++) and spore germination (92.40 and 96.50 per cent at 6 and 12 hrs) followed by 80 per cent (74.40 mm, +++, 78.00 and 82.10 per cent) respectively. Least mycelial growth (8.20 mm), sporulation and spore germination was recorded at 20 per cent RH. Among thirteen different pH levels, the pH 6.5 was found to be more supported for dry mycelial weight (299.80 mg) and sporulation (+++) followed by 7.0 pH(289.90 mg) and least mycelial weight (208.40) was obtained at 4.0 pH.
Spore germination
Phomopsis
Potato dextrose agar
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Thallus
Spore germination
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In this paper,the spores of Dryopteris crassirhizoma after three years of low-temperature storage were used as the experimental material,the influences of centrifugal,disinfection,culture media and light quality on spore germination were respectively studied.The results showed that centrifugal(≤14000r·min-1,≤30min) almost had no influence on spore germination;Sterilizing spore surface for 10-20min with 1% NaClO was the best sterile method;Modified Knop's medium was the best for spore germination;Spore could not germinate in dark,but the dark treatment could improve the regularity of spore germination;Red light could promote spore germinating about 1 day earlier than white light,but had no obvious influence on promoting spore germination rate.
Spore germination
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The effect of high temperature, ultraviolet radiation, agrochemicals and NaCl on the entomophagous fungus Verticillium lecanii VL18 was studied with spores germination method and mycelium growth rate method. The results showed that high temperature inhibited spores germination of VL18 at different degrees. There was almost not effect at 32℃, but after treated for 60 minutes at 48℃ the inhibition rate of spores germination was 86.6%. The ultraviolet radiation suppressed the spores germination, moreover the inhibitory action of 254nm was bigger than that of 365nm. Among tested 9 agrochemicals the inhibitory action of fungicides was the highest, followed by insectcides and foliage fertilizer was the last one. The NaCl suppressed the mycelium growth and the spores germination of VL18, the inhibition rate of mycelium growth and spores germination was 35.09% and 59.82% respectively.
Spore germination
Verticillium
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