Moisture migration through chocolate-flavored confectionery coatings
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Water activity
Swelling capacity
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The kinetics of lysine loss at conditions applicable to spray drying were established for an infant formula model system. The composition of the model system was derived from the typical composition of milk-based infant formulas. The model system contained skim milk powder, lactose, and whey protein isolate as reactive compounds. The impacts of the water activity, temperature, time, and physical state on lysine loss were evaluated. The samples were equilibrated at water activities of 0.06–0.75 and then heated at 60–90°C for 30 s to 30 min. A maximum in lysine loss of 81% was observed at a water activity of 0.17 at 90°C and 30 min of heating. The water activity range of maximal lysine loss was shifted to higher water activities for lower heating temperatures. In order to study the impact of the physical state on lysine losses, the physical state of the model system was determined across the whole parameter range. For a water activity a w ≤ 0.17 the lactose contained in the model system did not crystallize at any experimental condition. Between water activities of 0.23 and 0.43 the lactose crystallized in the course of heating and the delay of crystallization was influenced by the temperature and the water activity. At water activities of 0.53 and 0.75 the lactose crystallized during the equilibration of the model system, i.e., before heating. The highest lysine losses were determined in the transition zone between the rubbery and the crystalline state.
Water activity
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ABSTRACT Lactose and lactose hydrolysis in milk were determined using a novel method involving a measurement of the time for 0.39M Cerium(IV) [Ce(IV)] in 0.5M nitric acid to be reduced to Cerium(III) [Ce(III)] after an initial precipitation of milk protein and fat. The time for the absotbance at 445 nm to decrease to 0.4 could be directly correlated with standard curves to determine either the amount of lactose or the degree of lactose hydrolysis. This Ce(IV) oxidation method was rapid (15 min) and exhibited good agreement with infrared methods of determining lactose and enzymatic methods of determining percentage lactose hydrolysis. Recoveries of lactose found using the Ce(IV) oxidation method from a number of milk samples containing different amounts of fat were comparable to recoveries using the infrared method of lactose determination.
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A new anti-swelling agent was synthesized by polymerizing epichlorohydrin and dimethyl amine polymer. The swelling inhibition properties were investigated over clay and shale. It was found that the clay inhibition of swelling properties was greatly enhanced compared with common inorganic salts. However, to shale, the swelling properties did not inhibited efficiently by using prepared polymers. Furthermore, the influence of cross linking of polyammonium to the swelling ability of prepared polymer has been also carried out by using triethylenetetramine cross linking agent. In the case of shale, the swelling inhibit properties was improved after cross link, while opposite swelling effect was observed over clay.
Epichlorohydrin
Triethylenetetramine
Swelling capacity
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In this paper,by means of confined free swelling test and confined swelling test under loads,redbed mudstone of Shaximiao group in the Middle Jurassic in Chongqing area is present to study its swelling characteristics under confined free and loading conditions,and swelling under different water injections as well.Results reveal that three phases are present in the confined free swelling of mudstone,fast swelling deformation and high swelling increasment in the first phase and increasing swelling velocity in the second phase.95 percent swelling occurs in the former two phases.It is found that vertical loads greatly restrain the confined swelling of mudstone.The confined loading swelling ratios decrease sharply with the increasing vertical loads.Moreover,the amount of water has no obvious effect on swelling characteristic of red bed mudstone within a short time under confined without load,but it plays a controlling role on the stable swelling capacities,swelling processes and characteristics as time lapsing.
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Liberation
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It is inexact to speak of "swelling clays" and "nonswelling clays." The highly swelling clays and the poorly swelling clays are merely end members of a continuous natural range. Identification of a clay as a montmorillonite does not tell whether it is a highly swelling or a poorly swelling clay. Lattice expanding ability as observed in the usual X-ray test is not directly related to macroscopic swelling ability; and swelling ability cannot be predicted from such an X-ray test. Swelling ability cannot be predicted from chemical analysis or particle size analysis. At the present time, the only reliable way to identify a clay as a highly swelling or poorly swelling clay is to perform a swelling test on it.
Swelling capacity
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Acrylic acid
Swelling capacity
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