Factors Affecting Pharmacist Standard Performance in Community Hospitals, Public Health Inspection Region 6
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Abstract Introduction: Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 1997 chapter 8 “State shall promote public healthand public service performance standards throughout.” The pharmaceutical service must comply with the standardsas well. The aims of this analytic study were (1) to determine the personnel, motivation and maintenancefactors that affect to pharmacist standard performance; (2) influences of main factors related to pharmacist standardperformance in community hospitals; (3) identify the problem and suggestion about determinants. Method: Allpharmacists in community hospitals of Public Health Inspection Region 6 were recruited in the total number of156 people. The questionnaires had been approved with reliability 0.93. Mail questionnaires were distributed andthe response rate was 80.77 %. Data were analyzed and reported as descriptive statistics such as frequency,percentage and standard deviation including analytic statisticswith multiple regression analysis. Results: The resultsrevealed that most of pharmacists were female; average age was 33.33 years old. Most of them were single andhighest educational levels were master degree. Average working experience was 9.22 years. Pharmacist standardperformances was in high level. Motivation factor was found in high level while maintenance factor was found inmoderate level. Factors that directly influenced pharmacist standard performance were composed of variables frommotivation and maintenance factor with statistical significant difference (p=0.001).Both motivation and maintenancefactor predicted pharmacist standard performance in 30.70%. This study demonstrated the difficulties in promotingof rational drug usage were the major problem that related to clinical practice of pharmacists in hospitals. Conclusion: Factors Affecting Pharmacist Standard Performance in Community Hospitals, Public Health InspectionRegion 6 are motivation factor and maintenance factor. The strategy proceeding of proper rational drug usage shouldbe considered by the policy maker and hospital administration committee. Moreover, professional developmentstrategies should be promoted to pharmacists according to performance and competency evaluation. Keywords: Motivation, Pharmacist standard performance, Community hospital, PharmacistKeywords:
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Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate pharmacists' practice and attitude toward pharmaceutical care (PhC) and present barriers in Iran.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study, inviting Iranian pharmacists, was conducted using a self-administrated Likert-based questionnaire including demographic, performance, attitude and barrier sections. Questionnaires were distributed and collected by research team. Obtained data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, factor analysis, Friedman test and χ2 test.
Key findings
Data on opinions of 986 pharmacists' working in community pharmacies located in 22 districts of Tehran were obtained. Findings in aspect of PhC implementation showed that the frequency of the appropriate provision of PhC was less than 50% for making contact with physician and medication monitoring. Speaking about attitude, the complete agreement with ‘the practicability of the implementation of PhC’ and ‘the existence of supportive manner among physicians towards pharmacists' role’ was expressed only by 30.6 and 25.1% of respondents. Finally, according to participants concerns, the main barrier to PhC was highlighted to be ‘patients reluctance in receiving pharmaceutical services’.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that besides promotion of public awareness about PhC, improvement of pharmacists' motivation toward these services seems necessary. In addition, further research is needed to explore the causes of non-promising relationship between pharmacists and other health professionals, which in turn, is critical to find appropriate solutions.
Pharmaceutical Care
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Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of job satisfaction among Indian pharmacists, and factors associated with job satisfaction. The study also explored the suggestions of pharmacist to improve the profession of pharmacy in India. Methods: A cross sectional web-based study was conducted on working pharmacists in India, using a validated questionnaire for a period of 2 months. The participants were contacted via email and social websites and data was collected by using web-based survey. The data were coded and entered to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. The responses to the questionnaire were analyzed by performing descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The satisfaction rate of pharmacists was 17.5%. Similar numbers of pharmacist were satisfied with promotional opportunities at their workplace. 68.7% participants believed the reason for dissatisfaction was irresponsible government policies which hamper pharmacists from seeking jobs compared with other professionals. Majority of pharmacists agreed with the suggestion of determining payscale on the basis of both qualification and experience (85.1%) followed by 84.8% who agreed that pharmacy degree should be deemed essential to acquire registration. Age, qualification and practice setting were significantly associated with differences in mean satisfaction score (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, pharmacists were not satisfied with their jobs. A nation-wide study is warranted to further establish the satisfaction of pharmacists with their jobs. A further need to look at the intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with pharmacist satisfaction can aid the development of suitable interventions to improve the same. Key words: Factors, India, Job satisfaction, Pharmacists, Survey, Questionnaire.
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Background : Health workers are recognized as the cornerstone for the success of the health sector programs. In this regard, proper planning of the development of health workers including pharmacists based on evidence is critical. Aim: To assess the pharmacist workforce in Ethiopia. Method: A national facility based census of the pharmacist workforce was conducted in Ethiopia. Pharmacists’ job satisfaction was also assessed taking cross-section of pharmacists from six regions by applying a stratified random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was employed for the quantitative data collection. Results: The study revealed a pharmacist density of 2.38 per 100,000 population. Across the different regions of the country, the density ranges from 0.66 to 29.88. Pharmacists’ satisfaction with their job appeared to be slightly above the average mean score, with an overall mean job satisfaction score of 3.0 (SD=1.11) in a scale of 1-5. Relation with fellow professionals was an item with the highest mean job satisfaction, while remuneration was ranked least by the pharmacists. Hospital pharmacists and younger pharmacists were significantly less satisfied than pharmacists working elsewhere. Conclusion : This study has shown that Ethiopia suffers from shortage of pharmacists and their mal-distribution across regions was also evident. Moreover, job satisfaction of the pharmacists in the country was slightly higher than the average mean satisfaction score on a scale of 1-5. Thus, government and other stakeholders should work together to devise mechanisms that could improve pharmacists’ job satisfaction, ease uneven distribution among regions and expand the future pharmacy workforce.
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: A pharmacist is an expert on medications. At the same time as the most accessible health care provider, the pharmacist fulfills an important social mission. For a pharmacist, work satisfaction plays an important role in several aspects of his practice in a pharmacy. Our primary goal was to conduct a local analysis with the purpose of testing the proposed questionnaire evaluating various dimensions of the professional satisfaction of pharmacists. Our secondary goals were as follows: to analyze individual dimensions of pharmacists’ professional satisfaction, to assess the quality of life in the context of the pharmacists’ professional satisfaction and to analyze the impact of selected characteristics (age, location of the pharmacy) on the pharmacists’ quality of life. The study is based on a questionnaire survey among pharmacists in Bratislava from July to September 2016. Data were collected in person. Respondents were randomly selected from community pharmacies., Equal number of respondents were selected from three different types of pharmacies: a) public pharmacy or its branch in a medical facility or a health centre b) public pharmacy or its branch in a shopping centre c) public pharmacy or its branch in a residential housing development. The results of the study show that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively. Out of all 27 questions of the questionnaire, only three were evaluated negatively. The analysis points out that pharmacists are dissatisfied with the conditions in the workplace, regulation and legal responsibilities stemming from the profession of a pharmacist, healthcare system, and health insurance companies. The majority of the pharmacists characterized their state of mind on the job as concentrated. Older respondents were more tired and less energized. With regards to the location of a pharmacy, respondents that work in pharmacies located in residential housing developments feel the most concentrated. The knowledge of needs and problems of the profession is the essential precondition for its continued successful development, and its position in current as well as future European and Slovak healthcare systems. Until now, the quality of the professional life of pharmacists has not become a subject of systematic research and evaluation in Slovakia. Our study showed that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively.
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Introduction: This survey research aimed to measure the hospital pharmacistst attitudes towards drug quality in procurement. Methods: Data were collected using a self-administeredquestionnaire that consisted of 25 items with a 5-point Likert rating scale. The content validity was assessed by three experts. The reliability was assessed using Cronbachts alpha coefficient of 0.70. The study sample was hospital pharmacists who were mainly responsible for drug procurement (one pharmacist within each hospital). Mail questionnaires were sent to total of 831 hospitals that were under the Office of Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health. The study time period was January 2016 to April 2016. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis. Results: A total of 309 completed questionnaires were analyzed, and this indicated a response rate of 37.18%. Five factors indicating attitude were extracted. Hospital pharmacists who agreed with the statements concerning {attitude to medicine|, {attitude to procurement problems|, {attitude to manufacturer|, {attitude to policy| and {attitude of the procurement officer| were 77-95%, 46-84%, 55-74%, 60-67% and 84-95%, respectively. Conclusion: Most of the participating hospital pharmacists agreed with all factors toward drug quality in procurement. Attitude was related to quality- drug procurement should be concerned. Nevertheless, further study of explaining factors that associated with drug quality concerning attitude should be conducted, to accomplish the deep understanding in the future.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>A qualitative, cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted to evaluate the integration of community setup in pharmaceutical care with respect to current challenges, awareness/perception of individuals from various walks of life, related facts and opportunities which are contextual to local settings in Karachi, Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, a qualitative study, was conducted between May–November 2015. A questionnaire was designed using 15 close ended and 5 open-ended questions. And validated using correlation of spearman coefficient and Cronbach’s α value (α = 0.916 and <em>p</em> = 0.941). Local residents, pharmacist, medical practitioners, and pharmacy technicians were selected as study participants. Informed consents of all respondents were obtained prior to the participation.<strong> </strong>SPSS 20.0 was utilized and results were calculated with respect to percentages of responses and mean scores. Chi-square test was used to analyze the problems associated in effective implementation and integration of community pharmacy practices in Pakistan. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rate of response in the various cohort were in the order of 76%, 94%, 71% and 83% for local residents, pharmacist, physicians and pharmacy technicians respectively. Community pharmacy knowledge and beliefs mean scores were correspondingly found to be 1.971.83, 1.457.44, 2.842.10 and 2.385.54 for doctors, pharmacist, residents and technicians respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A significant difference in the level of perception was observed amongst the professionals and local resident’s cohort, which necessitates the effective and better execution of community residents counseling and more stringent implementation of health care facilities at the community level to improve the medication and health outcomes of related inhabitants.</p>
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Objective Explore in the first class-grade Ⅲ hospitals,pharmacists demand characteristics of the pharmaceutical care model,and the pharmacist's own ability and understanding of the methods to improve the operational capacity.Methods In June 2011-June 2012 randomly chosen guangzhou 4 3 armour hospital in the city of 500 people on-the-job pharmacist.A questionnaire per person,recycling effective questionnaire 478,the recovery was 95.6%.Pharmacists knowledge of modern pharmacy services questionnaire contents include:(1) of the mode of outpatient pharmacy services;(2) understanding of hospital pharmacy service model situation;(3) knowledge of pharmacy information service mode;(4) the understanding of clinical pharmacy development.Pharmacist professional values self-perception questionnaire contents include:(1) the basic self assessment;(2) service attitude self assessment;(3) self-evaluation self-confidence;Raise the level of business in the form of(4) itself.Results Group A and group B pharmacist on the understanding of the outpatient pharmacy service mode,understanding of hospital pharmacy service model,and the pharmaceutical information service mode of understanding and awareness of participation in clinical work patterns,there were no statistically significant differences(P 0.05).Group A and group B pharmacist basic self evaluation,service attitude,self-evaluation,there were no statistically significant difference(P 0.05) ;Two groups of self-evaluation self-confidence comparison,the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05).Pharmacists improve their business level is the main form of studying,lectures and workshops,one' s deceased father grind,cobb,et al.Conclusion The key to improving pharmacists' understanding of modern pharmaceutical care depended on if the hospital attach importance to it,the pharmacists' consciously study,strengthen the mental health education,and the form of continuing education.
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Objective. The health care system is a very complex system and patient care depends on various health care providers' need to cooperate. The objective of this research is to evaluate the degree of satisfaction from professional cooperation between physicians and pharmacists, along with the analysis of work place, gender and years of experience of the subjects. Methods. The research was done by an anonymous questionnaire on the territory of Novi Sad during February 2013. In total, there were 112 physicians and pharmacists surveyed. The satisfaction obtained from mutual cooperation was graded from 1 to 5. Results. The total satisfaction score between physicians and pharmacists is 3.68. The level of satisfaction of doctors' cooperation with pharmacists is 3.78 and it is 3.58 of pharmacists. The most unsatisfied with the cooperation are the pharmacists that work in state-owned pharmacies, who rated their satisfaction with a score of 3.12, and the most satisfied physicians are the ones that have their own practice with a score of 4.33. Conclusion. Based on the total gathered data it can be concluded that it is necessary to improve the cooperation between physicians and pharmacists, which would lead to greater employee motivation, and in itself it would improve the health protection of patients.
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We performed an investigation on the patients' demand for community pharmacy based on the analysis of questionnaire responses on community pharmacy services from the patients at 32 pharmacies in Tokyo and Osaka. In the previous study, we developed seven evaluation indices for pharmacy services, and showed that the functions most sought by patients in the "ideal pharmacies" were "Attitude of pharmacy/pharmacist", "Convenient hours" and "Information management". The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between these pharmacy functions and patient satisfaction by analyzing responses from the same questionnaire survey. Overall satisfaction score with the "pharmacy used today" was employed as the dependent variable, while the six factors derived from the 26-item evaluation scale in the questionnaire by factor analysis were used as the independent variables. As a result of analysis, it was found that four variables had a significant positive correlation with patient satisfaction, one had a significant inverse correlation, and one showed no significant correlation (p < 0.05). These results suggest that: attitude of the pharmacists such as general attitude and specialized activities of pharmacy/pharmacist such as providing information and explanations, and convenience of hours are not only judged to be important by patients, but also influence their satisfaction; comfortable facilities and availability of OTC drugs, while rated relatively low by patients in terms of importance, do influence their satisfaction; and convenience of location does not influence patient satisfaction. It was also indicated that insufficient inventories of prescribed medications have an impact upon patient satisfaction. This investigation offers evidence to provide patient-based pharmacy services.
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Patient satisfaction is an indicator for quality of healthcare service and is sometimes linked to patients' willingness to pay. Willingness to pay is an economic method for estimating patient's inclination for a service in monetary terms. This study assessed satisfaction of patients from pharmacist counseling service and estimated their willing to pay for the same.A month-long survey was conducted in community and hospital pharmacies located in Khobar, Dammam, and Qatif cities of Saudi Arabia, using Arabic version of Patient Satisfaction Feedback (PSF) questionnaire that measured satisfaction with counseling as well as willingness-to-pay. Convenient sampling method was used, and sample size was calculated based on power analysis. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23. Chi-square (χ2) test and logistic regression analyses were conducted to report associations between variables and, determinants of satisfaction as well as willingness to pay respectively. The study was approved by concerned ethical committee (IRB-2019-05-020).Patients (n = 531) with previous counseling experience were more likely to be satisfied [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 5.2, p < 0.05]. Patients were more willing to pay if, they had an income above SAR 10,000 i.e., USD 2666.5 (AOR 1.78, p < 0.05), were satisfied with counseling time duration (AOR 4.5) and, were able to get counseling without difficulty (AOR 2.1, p < 0.05). Patients were more likely to be satisfied and were willing to pay if, they received required knowledge/information completely (AOR 2.5, 3.7, and p < 0.05) and found pharmacist helpful (AOR 1, 4.5, and p < 0.05). Most patients (43.9%) were satisfied with pharmacist counseling and average satisfaction rating was 7.87 ± 1.99/10.Patients considered counseling as an important service and were satisfied from it. Less than a third of patients were willing to pay for the service. Knowledge and helpfulness of pharmacist were identified as two major determinants that could not only satisfy and but also promote willingness to pay for the service. A pharmacist with skills in pharmaceutical care and counseling could be useful in promoting the service and making it profitable for pharmacy business.
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