The application and analysis of Population Viability Model of Przewalski's Gazelle
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Przewalski's Gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is endemic to China and was classified as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1996. Once widespread, it has declined to 8 populations near Qinghai Lake. Subjected to the dual pressures of human activities and natural enemies, the gazelle is faced with the probability of extinction. By analyzing past years' statistical data, a Population Viability Model of Przewalski's Gazelle (PVMPG) was established. STELLA, a graphical-interface software, was used, first to establish the PVMPG model, and then to simulate environmental conditions and predict the future population viability. Finally, VORTEX software was used to forecast the probability of extinction of Przewalski's Gazelle in 100 years, to verify the reliability and rationality of the PVMPG model that was developed using STELLA. The results will provide the theoretical basis for the Przewalski's Gazelle population's protection.Keywords:
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Population viability analysis
Termaat, T. & V. J. Kalkman, 2012. Odonata Red List Report 2011 using Dutch and IUCN criteria. Brachytron 14(2): 75-187. In this report a proposal is published for a revised Red List for Dragonflies. When the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (EL&I) publishes this list in the government gazette, the Red List of 1997 will be replaced. In addition, this report presents a regional Red List following the internationally used criteria of IUCN, so that the situation in The Netherlands can be compared with that in other countries. All 65 species regularly reproducing in The Netherlands were assessed in order to decide whether they should be red-listed according to the criteria of the Dutch government. Red List species are species that became extinct after 1900 and species that are threatened. The threatened species are subdivided in four categories. The results are shown in figure 57. The 2011 Red List includes the following numbers of species per category: -5 Extinct in The Netherlands -4 Critically endangered -6 Endangered -6 Vulnerable -2 Susceptible Thus, the Red List comprises 23 species (35% of the assessed species). The other 42 species are Not threatened at present. In order to make a clean comparison between the new Red List and the 1997 Red List, the latter has been reconstructed using the current improved method and partly with additional data. The reconstructed 1997 Red List comprises 27 species (44% of the assessed species). These are categorised as follows: 8 species Extinct in the Netherlands, 4 Critically endangered, 8 Endangered, 6 Vulnerable en 1 Susceptible. The other 34 species were Not threatened at present. A comparison between both Red Lists shows a fairly positive picture. The 2011 Red List includes three species less than the 1997 list, despite the fact that four species appear on the Red List for the first time (two of which after becoming recently established). Three species previously extinct in The Netherlands have reappeared. And most species of running waters and fens show a positive trend. Species of softwater lakes are increasing too, but alarming exceptions exist. According to the IUCN criteria, which chiefly assess the situation over the past ten years, 19 species feature on the Red List. These are categorized as follows: – 3 Regionally Extinct – 2 Critically Endangered – 4 Endangered – 3 Vulnerable – 7 Near Threatened By IUCN criteria, the other 46 species are assessed as not threatened and belong to Least Concern. The most important causes of decline of dragonflies are habitat destruction due to intensified use of land and environmental problems such as acidification, eutrophication, and desiccation. These threats were strongest in the period 1950-1980. Most habitatspecialised species had their strongest decline during those years. From the 1990s onward many species have reversed their negative trend, due to improvement of the environment and nature restoration measures. The higher number of warm summers has also had a positive influence on some species. Potential negative effects of climate change on northern and northeastern dragonfly species are still insufficiently known. To enable Red List updating, the data collected by volunteers within the framework of distribution research and the Dutch Dragonfly Monitoring Scheme are indispensable.
Conservation-dependent species
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Population viability analysis(PVA) is one of the main methods to protect endangered species.After it had been proposed,PVA is mainly used in the prediction of extinction probabilities of endangered species.With the emergence of PVA software,its application has been further extended,and the abuse of PVA has appeared.As a result a discussion about its accuracy has emerged.However,most conservation biologists believe the PVA is significant in the protection of endangered species.At present,PVA primarily apply to the conservation and management of endangered species.We summarized the application of PVA in the making out and assessment of management strategies,the evaluation of reintroduction plans,and the design and management effective assessment of the Nature Reserves.We also discussed the data collection and the selection,establishment and application of models in the use of PVA.Based on the previous studies,we suggested,in the future,the PVA could be more concerned in the use of genetic data,the development of individual-based population models,inbreeding depression and decreasing the threaten of invasive species.
Population viability analysis
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Captive breeding
Minimum viable population
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Population viability analysis
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Small population size
Conservation Biology
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A proposal for a second Red List of mammals of the Netherlands was published in 2006 by the Society for the Study and Conservation of Mammals. Following Dutch national criteria it covers all 57 mammal species that have regularly reproduced in the Netherlands within a specified period. This 2006 Red List includes 24 species: three Extinct in the Netherlands, one Extinct in the wild in the Netherlands, two Critically Endangered, two Endangered, nine Vulnerable and seven Near Threatened. This article compares this new list with the previous one (from 1994) and adjusts the methods and data used for the earlier one to achieve an appropriate comparison. The reconstructed 1994 Red List comprises 20 species. So, in the past twelve years the Red List has become somewhat longer, although the degree of threat is nowadays less. Generally speaking species found within agricultural landscapes are faring worse, while marine mammals and most bats are doing better. At the same time a separate Red List has been prepared following the internationally used version 3.1 of the IUCN Categories and Criteria. This allows a comparison between the situation in the Netherlands and that in other countries. This IUCN Regional Red List assesses the status of 63 species. Of these, three are Regionally Extinct, one is Regionally Extinct in the Wild, six are Critically Endangered, seven are Endangered, five are Vulnerable and four are Near Threatened. The Data Deficient (DD) category is also part of the IUCN Red List and comprises four species. The IUCN criteria give a more negative picture of the state of Dutch mammal fauna than the Dutch criteria. The most important threats to Dutch mammal fauna come from intensified land use (resulting in the disappearance and deterioration of wetlands and of heterogenous rural landscapes), thoughtless or inadequate management measures in e.g. forests and unproductive parts of the countryside and increasing traffic (resulting in an ever increasing number of road casualties).
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Introduction Britain supports one of the richest bryophyte floras in Europe. Following previous assessments in 2001 and 2011, the aim of this study was to provide a new IUCN Red List of the bryophytes of Britain.Methods Following IUCN guidance, all species known to have occurred in Britain since ad 1500 (n = 1097) were assessed based on a comprehensive review and synthesis of available information. Various new measures are provided here for all species, such as the number of subpopulations, area of occupancy, and extent of occurrence, in addition to national population estimates for 181 species. Results are compared with the previous Red List assessment of 2011.Key results and conclusions Species were categorised as Regionally Extinct (RE, n = 4), Not Applicable (NA, n = 23), Data Deficient (DD, n = 45), Critically Endangered (CR, n = 59), Endangered (EN, n = 52), Vulnerable (VU, n = 80), Near Threatened (n = 39) or Least Concern (n = 795). Excluding those in DD, NA or RE, 19% (n = 191) of bryophyte species in Britain are threatened with extinction (i.e. are in CR, EN or VU). Of the 59 species in the highest extinction risk category (CR), it is possible that 20 (34%) are already extinct. Of the 143 species included in the previous assessment in a threatened category (CR, EN or VU), 85 (69%) have been transferred to a new category, mainly because of new information on the status of the species.
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국립공원은 1870년 미국에서 그 정의가 시작되어 옐로우 스톤지역을 1872년 미 의회에서 상정 후 세계최초의 국립 공원으로 지정한 것이 그 시초이며, 한국에서는 국립공원의 정의를, 한 나라의 자연풍경을 대표하는 경승지를 국가가 법에 의하여 지정하고 관리, 유지하는 곳으로 정의하고 있 다. 1967년 지리산국립공원을 최초의 국립공원으로 지정한 이후 2012년 무등산국립공원을 마지막으로 현재 21개의 국 립공원이 지정되어 관리되고 있다. 1987년에는 국립공원 관리업무를 담당하는 국립공원관 리공단이 창설되어 전문적인 공원관리를 시작하였으며 특 히 국립공원관리공단 산하 국립공원연구원을 중심으로 국 립공원 내 생물상을 조사하는 국립공원자연자원조사가 각 국립공원 마다 매년 실시되었으며 지금도 각종 연구사업과 모니터링 등의 다각적인 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 그중에서도 국립공원에 서식하는 멸종위기식물에 대한 연구는 각 국립공원별로 지속적으로 진행되고 있으며 각종 조사와 모니터링에 의해 어느 정도 밝혀진 상태이지만 국립 공원 내 서식하는 멸종위기식물을 통합하여 정리한 연구는 아직 없으며 특히, 국제자연보호연합(IUCN)에서 밝힌 적 색자료목록(Red List)를 공원별로 정리한 연구는 전무한 실 정이다. 이러한 연구의 결과는 효율적인 국립공원 내 식물자원의 이용과 보전에 귀중한 기초자료가 될 것으로 판단되며 나아 가 국립공원 내 식물자원에 대한 합리적 보전대책과 관리 방안을 수립하는데 큰 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 연구범위는 한국의 국립공원 모든 지역을 대상으로 하며 21개 국립공원에서 조사된 1기 자연자원조사(문헌조사), 2 기 자연자원조사(현장조사), 3기 자연자원조사(현장조사) 및 자원모니터링을 중심으로 종 목록을 정리한 “국립공원 생물종 목록집”(국립공원관리공단, 2012)을 기초로 국립생 물자원관에서 제시한 국내 자생 관속식물 중 적색자료집 등재 대상종 543분류군(Table 1)을 대입하여 공원별 IUCN Red List(관속식물)를 추출하였으며 국립공원 생물종 목록 집에 수록이 되지 않은 무등산국립공원은 ”무등산공원계획 타당성검토, 자연자원조사 및 보전․관리계획(안)“ (광주광 역시, 2011)을 참고로 데이터를 도출하였다. 데이터 분석 결과 21개 국립공원에서 자생하거나 자생하 였던 IUCN Red List(관속식물)은 총 358분류군으로 나타 났으며 국립생물자원관에서 제시한 “한국의 멸종위기 야생 동․식물 적색자료집-관속식물 목록”의 543분류군의 65.9% 에 해당하는 분포율을 나타내었다. 이러한 수치는 섬, 특수 한 환경에 국지적으로 분포하는 식물분류군을 제외하고는 대부분의 IUCN Red List 멸종위기식물이 국립공원 내 자 생하는것을 말해주는 중요한 수치로서 국립공원이 IUCN Red List 멸종위기식물의 최종 피난처 및 생육처 란것을 단적으로 보여주는 수치라 말할 수 있다. 그중 CR(Critically Endangered / 위급)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 21분류군이 국립공원에 생육하는 것으로 나타났 으며 EN(Endangered / 위기)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 54 분류군, VU(Vulnerable / 취약)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 75분류군, NT(Near Threatened / 준위협)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 46분류군, LC(Least Concern / 관심대상)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 17분류군, DD(Data Deficient / 정보부 족)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 17분류군, 마지막으로 NE(Not Evaluated / 미평가)등급에 해당하는 분류군은 64 분류군이 국립공원에서 생육하거나 생육한 것으로 확인되 었다. 21개 국립공원 중 가장 많은 IUCN Red List(관속식물) 가 서식하는 공원은 한라산국립공원으로 나타났다. 한라산 국립공원의 경우 CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD, NE 여섯 개의 멸종위기등급의 식물이 모두 다 생육하고 있는 것으로 파악 되었으며 7개의 등급을 합쳐 총 181분류군의 IUCN Red List(관속식물)가 생육하고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히 CR(Critically Endangered / 위급)의 경우 28분류군 중 15분 류군이 한라산국립공원에 서식하는 것으로 파악되어 다른 국립공원에 비해 월등히 많은 CR등급이 생육하는 것으로 파악되었다. 반면, 무등산국립공원, 북한산국립공원, 경주국립공원, 월출산국립공원은 각각 7분류군, 22분류군, 16분류군, 25 분류군 등 낮은 수치가 나타났는데 이러한 이유는 조사자료 미비(무등산국립공원), 인위적 간섭(북한산국립공원), 사적 형 국립공원(경주국립공원), 협소한 면적 및 암반위주의 기 질(월출산국립공원)등의 이유가 IUCN Red List(관속식물) 의 생육에 걸림돌이 되는 것으로 생각된다. 특히 인위적간 섭의 경우 멸종위기식물의 생육에 매우 큰 영향을 미치며 답압 및 인간의 간섭에 의해 스트레스가 매우 높은 북한산 국립공원, 계룡산국립공원은 그것에 의해 IUCN Red List (관속식물)의 생육 수치가 매우 낮게 나왔다고 판단되었다. 국립공원 내 자생하거나 자생하였던 IUCN Red List(관 속식물) 358분류군 중 등급별로 가장 많이 출현한 식물종은 CR(Critically Endangered / 위급)등급의 경우 산작약 (Paeonia obovata)으로 6개공원에서 분포하는 것으로 나타 났다. EN(Endangered / 위기)등급의 경우 가장 많이 출현한 종은 승마(Cimicifuga heracleifolia)로 나타났다. 승마의 경 우 한려해상국립공원, 태안해안국립공원, 무등산국립공원 등을 제외하고 대부분의 국립공원에서 생육하는 것으로 나 타났다. VU(Vulnerable / 취약)등급의 경우 가장 많이 생육 하는 종은 가시오갈피(Acanthopanax senticosus)로 나타났 다. 가시오갈피의 경우 지리산국립공원, 설악산국립공원, 속리산국립공원 등 11개 국립공원에서 생육하는 것으로 파 악되었다. NT(Near Threatened / 준위협)등급에서는 께묵 (Hololeion maximowiczii)으로 나타났으며 13개공원에 분 포하는 것으로 파악되었다. LC(Least Concern / 관심대상) 등급의 경우 말나리(Lilium distichum)로 파악되었으며 무 등산국립공원을 제외하고 전 공원에서 생육이 확인되었다. DD(Data Deficient / 정보부족)등급에서는 섬천남성 (Arisaema negishii)이 내장산국립공원, 다도해해상국립공 원, 한라산국립공원 등 4개지역의 국립공원에서 생육이 확 인되었고 마지막으로 NE(Not Evaluated / 미평가)등급의 경우 개박하(Nepeta cataria), 검팽나무(Celtis choseniana), 옹굿나물(Aster fastigiatus) 3종이 11개 국립공원 내에서 생 육하고 있는 것으로 파악되었다.
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Abstract Despite unprecedented scientific productivity, Earth is undergoing a sixth mass extinction. The disconnect between scientific output and species conservation may be related to scientists studying the wrong species. Given fishes have a high extinction rate, we assessed the paradox between scientific productivity and science needed for conservation by comparing scientific output created for critically endangered fishes and game fishes. We searched 197,866 articles (1964–2018) in 112 journals for articles on 460 critically endangered fishes, 297 game fishes, and 35 fishes classified as critically endangered and game fish—our analysis included freshwater and marine species. Only 3% of the articles in the final database were on critically endangered fishes; 82% of critically endangered fishes had zero articles. The difference between the number of articles on game fishes and critically endangered fishes increased temporally with more articles on game fishes during the extinction crisis. Countries with 10 or more critically endangered fishes averaged only 17 articles from 1964 to 2018. Countries with the most critically endangered fishes are most in need of science. More scientific knowledge is needed on critically endangered fishes to meet the challenges of conserving fishes during the sixth mass extinction.
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Captive breeding
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Five types of population viability analysis (PVA) models have been developed for estimating extinction risk of endangered species. They are analytic model, deterministic single-population model, stochastic single-population model, metapopulation model and spatially explicit model. The choice of PVA model types for endangered species depends on life history of the species studied and data available on the species. Compared with other tools in conservation practice, PVA is relatively precise and quantitative tool. However, poor quality of data and unclear assumptions on populations of some endangered species could influence precision of predictions of PVA models, therefore, PVA models should be used with cautions. PVA models have been increasingly used in conservation plans and management of endangered species in western countries. It has been used for (1) predicting future population size of endangered species; (2) evaluating extinction risk of endangered species in a given time; (3) assessing conservation options and determining which options will make endangered species persistence longer; (4) exploring effects of assumptions on small population demography,and (5) guiding field data collection for endangered species. Few PVA studies have been conducted on endangered species in China, compared with the disproportionally high number of endangered species in China. There is an urgent need for building PVA models specifically for endemic endangered species and conservation issues in China.
Population viability analysis
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Metapopulation
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The IUCN Red List criteria are a globally accepted method of assessing species extinction risk, and countries around the world are adapting these criteria for domestic use. First, we compared trends in IUCN Red List criteria used in threatened plant species listings in Australia and globally. Second, using the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, as a study region, we conducted two complementary analyses: (1) An assessment of ~ 5000 currently unlisted NSW plant species against the thresholds for the geographic range criterion (Criterion B) to identify species which may require full assessment; and (2) A rapid assessment of currently listed threatened plant species, applying the IUCN Red List Critically Endangered thresholds for all criteria, to identify species likely to be at the highest risk of extinction from further decline. Impacts on these species could be considered to be "serious and irreversible impacts" (SAII). Geographic range size was the most common criterion used in Australia and globally for plant listings. Our assessment of unlisted NSW plant species revealed 92 species (75 endemic to NSW) met the geographic range thresholds for Critically Endangered. Our rapid assessments of currently listed NSW threatened plant species identified 53.5% as having an extremely high risk of extinction should further decline occur. Of these, most were flagged under Criterion B (88.8%). Geographic range and the other IUCN Red List criteria thresholds for Critically Endangered provide a useful framework to identify species at an extremely high risk of extinction from ongoing decline.
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Abstract The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is an authoritative tool in biodiversity conservation. Whilst IUCN criteria have been applied successfully to groups such as birds and mammals, a Red List assessment of British seaweeds in 2021 revealed that the categories to which seaweed species were assigned were dependent on how the criteria were applied. Here, this seaweed assessment is used as a case study with which to evaluate the IUCN methodology for use with ‘non-standard’ groups of organisms. A data-driven assessment of red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta) and brown (Phaeophyceae) seaweeds, which applied three (A, B and D) of the five IUCN criteria (A–E), categorized 13% of 617 British species as threatened. Following peer review, only 7% of species were categorized as threatened (1% Critically Endangered—CR, 3% Endangered—EN, 3% Vulnerable—VU), and 55% as Data Deficient. This reduction in species categorized as threatened suggests that strict application of the IUCN criteria may, at least for the seaweeds, over-estimate threat. As a result of this assessment, recommendations include the need for a more unified monitoring system and a review of the suitability for/application of the IUCN assessment criteria to some types of organisms. For example, in clonal populations, it is not possible to count individuals, and complex life histories cause additional complications. IUCN criteria must be applicable to a wide range of organisms, including seaweeds.
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