Identification of NAD+Synthetase fromStreptococcus sobrinusas a B-Cell-Stimulatory Protein
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Abstract:
Streptococcus sobrinus, one agent of dental caries, secretes a protein that induces lymphocyte polyclonal activation of the host as a mechanism of immune evasion. We have isolated from culture supernatants of this bacterium a protein with murine B-cell-stimulatory properties and subsequently cloned the relevant gene. It contains an open reading frame of 825 bp encoding a polypeptide with 275 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 30 kDa. The protein displays high sequence homology with NAD(+) synthetases from several organisms, including a conserved fingerprint sequence (SGGXD) characteristic of ATP pyrophosphatases. The polypeptide was expressed in Escherichia coli as a hexahistidine-tagged protein and purified in an enzymatically active form. The recombinant NAD(+) synthetase stimulates murine B cells after in vitro treatment of spleen cell cultures, as demonstrated by its ability to induce up-regulation of the expression of CD69, an early marker of lymphocyte activation. Stimulation with the recombinant NAD(+) synthetase was also observed with other B-cell markers, such as CD19(+), B220(+), and CD21(+). Cell proliferation follows the activation induced by the recombinant NAD(+) synthetase.Keywords:
Streptococcus sobrinus
Identification
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the infection rates of bacteria associated with dental caries among children and adolescents in Korea. Methods: Oral examinations were conducted in 146 students. The numbers of bacteria associated with dental caries, such as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei, in the subjects’ oral cavity were counted by real-time PCR, and infection rates for those bacteria were additionally investigated. Results: The infection rate of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei was 99.3% (145/146), 63.0% (92/146), 1.4% (2/146), and 25.3% (37/146), respectively. The amounts of Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei did not differ with the participants’ age. However, the number of Streptococcus mutans was 537.6 for primary school students, 5698.2 for middle school students, and 19037.5 for high school students. The mean number of oral bacteria increased with age (P<0.05). The mean bacterial numbers of the infected subjects indicated significant differences in the numbers of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans (P<0.05). Conclusions: The infection rates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans were distinct in children and adolescents. Efforts to control the bacteria associated with dental caries are needed to prevent dental caries.
Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus mitis
Lactobacillus casei
Streptococcus sanguinis
Streptococcus oralis
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Living Streptococcus sobrinus cells were orally inoculated into nonimmune rabbits and rabbits immunized with formalin-killed cells of S. sobrinus through tonsillar application to examine the anticaries potential of this method of immunization. The living S. sobrinus cell numbers and the caries areas in the rabbits immunized by tonsillar application decreased to a level one-fifth of that in nonimmune rabbits.
Streptococcus sobrinus
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Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sanguinis
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Despite high clinical significance, the microbiology of the dental biofilm in young children remains poorly understood.The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate five Streptoccocus species commonly found in the oral biofilm of children, namely Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus salivarius to determine their relative numbers in caries-free pre-term children, and age-matched full-term controls.Plaque and saliva samples were obtained from 15 pre-term children and 15 age-matched controls at ages 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. A quantitative real-time PCR technique was used to determine the numbers of five species of Streptococcus using probes and primers specific for each bacterial species.All species of Streptococcus generally increased from ages 3 to 24 months. The relative ratios of the bacteria remained fairly constant at all ages studied (P > 0.1). There were no significant differences in numbers of all Streptococcus species between pre-term children and full-term controls at all the ages investigated between.The results show that the relative numbers of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius remain relatively constant from 3 to 24 months of age in caries-free pre- and full-term children.
Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sanguinis
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus mitis
Dental plaque
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Thirty eight strains of oral streptococci were divided into six types by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by glycosyltransferase (GLT) activity stain: Type 1, Streptococcus mutans; Type 2, Streptococcus rattus; Type 3, Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus downei; Type 4, Streptococcus cricetus; Type 5, Streptococcus salivarius; and Type 6, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus gordonii. In Types 1, 2 and 5, two glucosyltransferases synthesizing water-insoluble (GTF-I) and water-soluble glucans (GTF-S) and a fructosyltransferase (FTF) were detected. In Types 3 and 4, GTF-I and two GTF-Ss were detected. Only one GTF-S was detected in Type 6. The 2-DE patterns for these six types were clearly distinguished from each other based on the kind, number and location of GLTs in gel.
Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus oralis
Streptococcus gordonii
Glucosyltransferases
Streptococcus milleri
Streptococcus sanguinis
Streptococcus suis
Viridans streptococci
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Abstract Background This investigation aimed to determine quantitatively the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus to orthodontic composite resins that were tested simultaneously using radio‐markers. Methods Seven orthodontic composite resins were classified into seven groups: BeautyOrtho Bond (GI), Blugloo (GII), Enlight (GIII), Grengloo (GIV), Kurasper F (GV), Transbond CC (GVI) and Turbo Bond II (GVII). Thirty 4 x 4 x 1 mm blocks of each orthodontic composite resin were made (a total of 210 blocks). Both Streptococcus species were cultivated independently. For the quantitative analysis, radioactive markers were used to codify the bacteria ( 3 H for Streptococcus mutans and 14 C for Streptococcus sobrinus ). The blocks were submerged in a solution with microorganisms previously radiolabelled for 2 hours at 37 °C in constant movement. The blocks were placed in a combustion system to quantify the Streptococcus adhering to the surface of the materials by capturing the residues and measuring the radiation. Results Significant differences in bacterial adhesion were found among the groups. The lowest significant scores for both microorganisms were observed in GIII . Conclusions The orthodontic composite resin evaluated in GIII exhibited the lowest adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus , which may reduce enamel demineralization and the risk of white spot lesion formation.
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Aim:To determine the relationship of streptococcus sobrinus with rampant caries and smooth-surface caries of primary teeth. Methods: Dental plaque samples of fourty carious children and thirty caries-free children were cultured and studied by using their DNA base composition as a golden standard. Results: The positive rate of streptococcus sobrinus of case group was 20%. The positive rate of streptococcus sobrinus of control group was 3.3% , there was significant difference between them ( P 0.05). Compared with those of the streptococcus mutans group, dmft, dmfs and somooth-surface caries of the streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus group were statistically significant( P 0.01). Conclusions: Streptococcus sobrinus cooperated with streptococcus mutans in caries process and it has relation with the rampant caries and smooth-surface caries of primary teeth.
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Objective To compare the growth inhibiting effect of two different concentrations fluoride protectors to Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.To provide reliable theoretic evidence to fluoride protector for population to prevent dental caries.Methods To put 0.5% fluoride protector,0.1% fluoride protectors for the experiment groups and 0.1% chlorhexidine,0.05% sodium fluorideide,0.9%normal sodium for the control groups into BHI nutritive medium with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus suspension.The technique of continuous cultivation was adopted,and the change of colony count was observed.To compare the growth inhibiting effects of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.Results 0.5% fluoride protector and 0.1% fluoride protectors could kill Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in certain degree.But their effect was much smaller than 0.1%chlorhexidine effect.There was significant difference between them in growth inhibiting effect.Conclusion Two different concentrations fluoride protectors could kill certain quantitative Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in vitro.
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Treatment of 10 strains representing 5 species of related oral streptococci with penicillin G resulted in measurable levels of cellular lysis. This lysis was dependent on penicillin concentration and cell density. At similar penicillin concentrations and cell densities, the 10 strains demonstrated appreciable differences in their lytic responses. Lysis values for Streptococcus mutans (GS‐5 and Ingbritt) and Streptococcus rattus (BHT and FA‐1) were greater than those for Streptococcus sobrinus (01 and B13), Streptococcus cricetus (HS6 and AHT), and Streptococcus ferus (8S1 and HD3).
Streptococcus sobrinus
Lytic cycle
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Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus sanguinis
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