Foliar endophytes and their interactions with host plants, with specific reference to the gymnospermae
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Endophyte
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The term endophyte (Greek: endo = within + phyte=plant) include all organism that during a variable period of their life colonies the living internal tissues of their hosts. Endophytic fungi are one among these endophytes living inside the plants without causing any apparent symptoms [1]. Nearly one million endophytic species present ubiquitously in all plants [2]. The Bary mentioned term endophytes for first time in 19 th century [3]. Endophytic fungus was first identified by Freeman in 1904, and was isolated from Lolium persicum (Persian darnel) [4]. Endophytic fungi are relatively unexplored producers of metabolites useful to pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. A single endophyte produce several bioactive metabolites. As a result, the role of endophytes in production of various natural products with greater bioactivity have received increased attention [5]. Endophytes can influence soil stability directly by their mycelia networks in the soil as well as indirectly altering roots and physical conditions of the host plants[6] and also endophytes are the chemical International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 3 (2015) pp. 1035-1042 http://www.ijcmas.com
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Contemporary reviews of leaf responses to sunflecks indicate gymnosperms exhibit slower photosynthetic inductions times than angiosperms, but the gymnosperms were represented exclusively by conifers. I recently reported that the gymnosperm Cycas micronesica exhibited photosynthetic induction times in conformity with some of the most rapid angiosperms and opined that representatives from non-conifer gymnosperms must be added to the published conifer database before gymnosperm-wide conclusions can be formulated. Guiding principles for this urgently needed research will maximize relevance and improve accuracy of conclusions.
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This review describes information on the role of endophytic microorganisms and some of naturally occurring bioactive compounds obtained from endophytic fungi isolated from various host plants. In the recent past years, a great deal of information on the role of endophytes in nature has been collected. The main topics addressed are isolation of endophytes, host endophyte relationship, fungal endophyte, their diversity, physiological role of endophyte, biological activities and chemistry. Key words: Endophytic microorganisms, biological activity, endophyte diversity, antioxidation activity.
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Thirteen clonal pairs of endophyte‐free and endophyte‐infected fine fescues were evaluated in a growth chamber study for growth in three sand‐soil formulations differing in available aluminum. This set of plants consisted of four Chewings fescue [ Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill) Nyman] and two strong creeping red fescue ( Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra ) genotypes inoculated with endophytes originating from Chewings fescue, strong creeping red fescue, and Poa ampla Merr. hosts. The results revealed a considerable endophyte‐host interaction on plant growth in the different soils. In most cases, the effect of endophyte infection on dry weight was either positive or neutral. In a few cases, endophyte infection had a negative effect on dry weight. In some endophyte‐host combinations, the endophyte‐infected clone had significantly better growth in the high aluminum soils relative to the endophyte‐free clone. These results indicate that endophyte infection alone is not enough to confer aluminum tolerance in fine fescues, but in certain plant‐fungus combinations, endophyte infection can contribute to enhanced aluminum tolerance.
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China has the richest flora of gymnosperm in the world,which accounts for one third of the world total.However,due to insufficient understanding on its protection and utilization,the changes in climate and ecological environment,some gymnosperms were kept in danger.It is of great importance for research on the distribution of the important national protected gymnosperm for protecting the biodiversity of gymnosperms.This paper took the flora division of China as basic geographic unit to study the distribution of important national protected gymnosperm with the tool of Geographic Information System,the distribution showed closely relationship with geographic factors,temperature,precipitation etc..Based on these findings,suggestions were put forward.
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Endophyte
Festuca arundinacea
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Gymnosperm
Endophyte
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Secondary metabolism
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Four kinds of gymnosperm stem's xylem was observed and researched.Finally counted and surveyed the tracheids' diameters,and the increased condiation of tracheid wall's thickness,which belonged to different of gymnosperm xylem.The gymnosperm xylem was elaborated from anatomical angle.
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