Signal Transduction and Biological Function of Placenta Growth Factor in Primary Human Trophoblast1
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Abstract:
Placenta growth factor (PlGF), a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of angiogenic factors, is prominently expressed by trophoblast. In addition to its role as a paracrine angiogenic factor within the placenta and endometrium, presence of its receptor, Flt-1, on trophoblast suggests that PlGF also may have an autocrine role(s) in regulating trophoblast function. To elucidate its role in trophoblast, we examined the signal transduction and functional responses of primary human trophoblast to PlGF. Exogenous PlGF induced specific activation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathways, c-Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase, in primary term trophoblast with little to no induction of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK-1 and -2) pathways. In contrast, PlGF induced significant ERK-1 and -2 activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells but did not induce JNK or p38 activity. PlGF-induced activation of the SAPK signaling pathways protected trophoblast from growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis, but it did not protect trophoblast from apoptosis induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. These results provide the first direct evidence of a biochemical and functional role for PlGF/Flt-1 in normal trophoblast and suggest that aberrant PlGF expression during pregnancy may impact upon trophoblast function as well as vascularity within the placental bed.Keywords:
Primary (astronomy)
Human placenta
The human placenta plays a crucial part during conception of another human life. Through this time the placenta forms and grows along with the fetus and removed after the birth of the child. The human placenta is rich in proteins and other nutrients required for the growth of the fetus is now discarded. The proteins present in the placenta is studied by extracting proteins from the spongy tissue or by growing the cells in culture media. Use of appropriate technique is also essential in case of diagnosis of pathological condition or to use these proteins as potent drug. This paper reviews the basic components of the placenta and proteomic techniques used in various studies for normal and pathological conditions in the human placenta.
Human placenta
Placenta Diseases
Human proteins
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It has been discovered that there exists, within the fetus serum, as well as human placenta, a similar specific protein that one cannot find out in any human serum; which has been considered to have been formulated in placenta; further, one can probe out the abovesaid unique protein part in a show alike.
Human placenta
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Objective:To observe clinical efficacy of Placenta Hominis extract,Human Placental Histosolution and Human Placenta Lipopolysaccharide in treating with childhood vitiligo.Methods:To evaluate efficacy of Placenta Hominis extract,Human Placental Histosolution and Human Placenta Lipopolysaccharide combined infrared radiation treatment of childhood vitiligo 20 min twice a day,and the same times apply drugs 5min intervals to lesion.Results:The effective rate of Placenta Hominis extract,Human Placental Histosolution and Human Placenta Lipopolysaccharide was respectively 78.50%,47.06% and 57.14%,the markedly effective rate was respectively 38.32%,23.53% and 38.10%.After treatment,there were statistically significant differences between three drugs as regards to the efficiency(P0.05).The effective rate and markedly effective rate of Placenta Hominis extract were higher than others.In addition,the effective rate of Placenta Hominis extract as high as 89.66% for the scalp and significant differences were observed between scalp and other part(P0.05).Conclusions:Three drugs combined infrared radiation has a good effect on childhood vitiligo,and the efficiency of Placenta Hominis extract is superior to Human Placental Histosolution and Human Placenta Lipopolysaccharide.
Human placenta
Vitiligo
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Placenta has a long history of being Chinese traditional medicine. The quality control methods used nowadays in the markets were mainly based on the amino acid content of the placenta. However, it is hard to distinguish human placenta from sheep placenta with these methods. In this paper, a novel method was established employing FT-IR and RP-HPLC techniques. This method can distinguish human placenta from sheep placenta and may help to improve quality control of placenta in the markets.
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From the immunological study of the soluble protein fractions extracted from the normal human placenta as well as from the placenta in pregnancy toxemia, the author has clearly shown the presence of specific antigenic protein in these protein fractions which can not be found in the
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Human placenta
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