Visual resolution of macaque retinal ganglion cells.
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1. The visual resolving ability of different types of macaque retinal ganglion cells was estimated at different retinal eccentricities, by measuring the amplitude of modulated responses to black‐white gratings of spatial frequencies near the resolution limit for each cell. 2. The resolving ability of tonic, spectrally opponent ganglion cells was usually similar to that of phasic, non‐opponent ganglion cells at similar eccentricities, except that at eccentricities greater than 10 deg some tonic ganglion cells with remarkably high resolution (up to ca. 15 cycles/deg) were found. Our cell sample was limited within the central 2 deg of the visual field, however. 3. Only a small proportion of phasic ganglion cells showed an increase of mean firing level to gratings near the resolution limit. The maintained firing of tonic ganglion cells was higher than that of phasic ganglion cells. 4. With red‐black or green‐black gratings, the resolution of phasic ganglion cells was unaffected. For red or green on‐centre ganglion cells, a marked deterioration of resolving ability occurred when the grating was of a colour to which a cell responded poorly (green‐black gratings for red on‐centre cells, and red‐black gratings for green on‐centre cells). A slight improvement in resolving ability occurred when the grating was of an excitatory colour. 5. For a sub‐sample of cells, we compared resolution limit with centre size as determined from area‐threshold curves. For both phasic and tonic ganglion cells, resolution limit (the period length just resolved) was about half the centre diameter, as is the case for cat ganglion cells. This implies that the centre sizes of phasic and tonic monkey ganglion cells are similar at most eccentricities. 6. We attempt to relate these results to primate retinal anatomy and visual resolution, determined behaviourally.Keywords:
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1. Three distinct morphological types of cat retinal ganglion cells have been identified and categorized as alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha ganglion cells have dendritic field diameters from 180 to 1000 mum; beta, about 25 to 300 mum; gamma, 180 to 800 mum, possibly more.2. The dimensions of the alpha and beta ganglion cell dendritic fields increase monotonically from the central area outwards to the periphery; those of the gamma cells do not. Seemingly a spectrum of sizes of the gamma cells is found at most locations in the retina.3. All three morphological types of ganglion cells are found in the central area.4. Possible further anatomical types of ganglion cells are discussed. Correlations are suggested between the morphological category alpha cells and the physiological class Y cells; between beta cells and the X cells and between the gamma cells and the W cells.
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Abstract We surveyed the potential contacts between an identified type of bipolar cell and retinal ganglion cells in the mouse. By crossing two existing mouse strains (line 357 and line GFP‐M), we created a double transgenic strain in which GFP is expressed by all members of a single type of ON cone bipolar cell and a sparse, mixed population of retinal ganglion cells. The GFP‐expressing bipolar cells appear to be those termed CB4a of Pignatelli & Strettoi [(2004) J. Comp. Neurol. , 476 , 254–266] and type 7 of Ghosh et al . [(2004) J. Comp. Neurol. , 469 , 70–82 and J. Comp. Neurol. , 476 , 202–203]. The labelled ganglion cells include examples of most or all types of ganglion cells present in the mouse. By studying the juxtaposition of their processes in three dimensions, we could learn which ganglion cell types are potential synaptic targets of the line 357 bipolar cell. Of 12 ganglion cell types observed, 10 types could be definitively ruled out as major synaptic targets of the line 357 bipolar cells. One type of monostratified ganglion cell and one bistratified cell tightly cofasciculate with axon terminals of the line 357 bipolar cells. Double labelling for kinesin II demonstrates colocalization of bipolar cell ribbons at the sites of contact between these two types of ganglion cell and the line 357 bipolar cells.
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The distribution of ganglion cells in the mouse retina was studied with the use of Nissl criteria for distinguishing cell types in the ganglion cell layer. Retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the optic fiber tract helped to validate Nissl criteria and served to identify displaced ganglion cells. We estimated a total of 117,000 nonvascular cells in the ganglion cell layer; of these, 70,000 were probably ganglion cells, and 47,000 could not be classified. The density of the presumed ganglion cells was highest-more than 8000 cells/mm2-just temporal to the optic disk, and lowest-less than 2000 cells/mm2-in the most dorsal retina. The retinal region with highest ganglion cell density was slightly elongated in a nasotemporal direction. About 2% of all HRP-filled ganglion cells had their cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer. These displaced cells differed in topographical distribution from the normally positioned ganglion cells: although occurring throughout the retina, they were more common along the retinal periphery. Measurements of ganglion cell areas showed a tendency toward larger size with eccentricity. At no retinal location did cell-size histograms reveal clearly separate size classes.
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AIM To establish a culture method for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and to investigate reciprocity among inhomogeneity cells of retina in order to lay a foundation for the experimental research in vitro . METHODS Retinal cells were cultured in commixture and retinal ganglion cells in purification, to observe the state of ganglion cells and its axon. RESULTS Retinal ganglion cells that cultured in commixture grew very well. The connects of purified ganglion cells were weakened, and the time of cells alive shortened. CONCLUSION Culturing retinal cells in commixture benefits the paste and growth of ganglion cells.
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Abstract The morphology and dendritic branching patterns of retinal ganglion cells have been studied in Golgi‐impregnated, whole‐mount preparations of rabbit retina. Among a large number of morphological types identified, two have been found that correspond to the morphology of ON and ON‐OFF directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells identified in other studies. These two kinds of DS ganglion cell are compared with each other, as well as with examples of class I, class II, and class III cells, defined here with reference to our previous studies. Cell body, dendritic field size and branching pattern are analyzed in this paper and levels of dendritic stratification are examined in the following paper. ON DS ganglion cells are about 10% larger in soma size and about 5 times the dendritic field area of ON‐OFF DS ganglion cells, when compared at the same retinal location. These two morphological types of ganglion cell can be said to define the upper and lower bounds of an intermediate range of cell body and dendritic field sizes within the whole population of ganglion cells. Nevertheless, in previous physiological studies receptive field sizes of the two types were shown to be similar. This discrepancy between morphological and physiological evidence is considered in the Discussion in terms of a model of the excitatory receptive field of ON‐OFF DS ganglion cells incorporating starburst amacrine cells. A new set of metrics is introduced here for the quantitative analysis and characterization of the branching pattern of neuronal arborizations. This method compares the lengths of terminal and preterminal dendritic branches (treated separately), as a function of the distances of their origins from the soma, viewed graphically in a two‐dimensional scatter plot. These values are derived from computer‐aided 3D logging of the dendritic trees, and distance from the soma is measured as the shortest distance tracked along the dendritic branches. From these metrics of the “branch length distributions,” scale‐independent branching statistics are derived. These make use of mean branch lengths and distances, slopes of lines fitted to the distributions, and elliptical indices of scatter in the distributions. By these measures, ON and ON‐OFF DS ganglion cells have similar branching patterns, which they share to varying degrees with functionally unrelated class III.1 ganglion cells. The scale of the branching patterns of ON and ON‐OFF DS cells and their degree of uniformity are different, however. ON‐OFF DS ganglion cells are the most uniform of all the cells examined, and epitomize the “tufted” branching pattern, while class Ia2 cells represent the other extreme of the “radiate” pattern. ON DS cells, like class III.1 cells, exhibit inhomogeneities or “patchiness” in the distribution of short dendritic branches within the dendritic tree. The functional significance of these inhomogeneities and the uniformity of branching in ON‐OFF DS cells is discussed, and the merits of the new methods of branching analysis are compared with methods previously used.
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