Gene expression in the skin of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle infested with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
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Tick infestation
Rhipicephalus microplus
Rhipicephalus
Brahman
Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle.
Rhipicephalus microplus
Rhipicephalus
Pesticide resistance
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Rhipicephalus
Rhipicephalus microplus
Animal health
Animal Husbandry
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Ticks are bloodsucking arthropods mandatory and represent a real problem for cattle. The aim of this review is to make an inventory of acaricide resistance and ways to fight against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The main classes of synthetic miticides are arsenical, organochlorine, organophosphates, amidines, macrocyclic lactones, growth regulators and phenylpyrazoles. Pyrethroids are the most widespread and used acaricide in the fight against ticks. Resistance to these classes acaricide was reported in all countries where the tick Rhipicephalus microplus is present. To deal with these ectoparasites, a variety of control methods are used. These include ecological, biological, and genetic approaches. Proper control of the ticks will allow farmers to save and limit the losses related to diseases transmitted by ticks. It is urgent to propose and develop new approach to fight against tick Rhipicephalus microplus.
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Rhipicephalus
Insecticide Resistance
Amitraz
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Milk producers in Lavras, Passos and Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, were interviewed with the aim of evaluating their perceptions and attitudes regarding control over Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Multivariate correlation between the variables was done by means of principal component analysis. The producers' perceptions and attitudes regarding R. (B.) microplus were similar: most of them did not have any basic knowledge of tick biology or control, and they applied acaricide products through backpack spraying, without any defined technical criteria. Some of the results obtained were: I. a negative correlation between schooling level and the frequency of spraying cattle with acaricides; II. a positive correlation between milk production, quality of equipment for acaricide application and technological level of the farm; III. farm properties with greater production and technification tended to keep the intervals between acaricide applications constant over the course of the year. After applying principal component analysis, a positive correlation was observed between schooling level, technological level of the farm and perceptions regarding R. (B.) microplus, but without any correlation with attitudes towards controlling this tick. It was concluded that higher technological level and schooling level improved the producers' perceptions relating to the biology of the tick R. (B.) microplus, but did not achieve effectiveness with regard to using controls more rationally.
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Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an endemic cattle pest in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, causing major economic losses to cattle producers. Chemical acaricides have played a pivotal role in the control of R. (B.) microplus; however, as a consequence of extensive use of acaricides, this tick specie has developed resistance to all major classes of acaricides worldwide. Resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and amitraz has been reported mainly in Australia and Latinoamerica. The acaricide resistance in ticks is conferred primarily by two major physiological mechanisms: target site insensitivity and metabolic detoxification. Alone and or in combination these mechanisms confer resistance to all of the available classes of acaricides. In the present review we present the current status of R. (B.) microplus resistant to acaricides worldwide (with emphasis in Mexico) and the most important mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.
Amitraz
Rhipicephalus
Rhipicephalus microplus
Insecticide Resistance
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The cattle tick
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Rhipicephalus
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The southern cattle fever tick (SCFT) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is considered the most important ectoparasite of livestock in the world because of high financial losses associated with direct feeding and transmission of the hemoparasites Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale. Unfortunately, SCFT in many parts of the world have evolved resistance to all market-available pesticides thus driving development of new control technologies. Vaccination against ticks using the tick gut protein Bm86 has been shown to be effective against acaricide-resistant ticks. This technique has been successfully implemented in Puerto Rico for the control of acaricide-resistant R. microplus on dairy and beef cattle. Observations from Puerto Rico indicate a potentially positive interaction between anti-tick vaccination when used in conjunction with systemic acaricide treatment. In this project, controlled animal studies were completed directly comparing efficacy of anti-tick vaccination with and without systemic acaricide. Results show that the Bm86 anti-tick vaccine in combination with the macrocyclic lactone, Moxidectin, expressed a synergistic interaction, providing greater and longer efficacy than either treatment alone.
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Rhipicephalus
Babesia bigemina
Babesia bovis
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Rhipicephalus microplus
Rhipicephalus
Coumaphos
Beef Cattle
Tick infestation
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