Carbon Storage on Landscapes with Stand-replacing Fires
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Abstract:
Many conifer forests experience stand-replacing wildfires, and these fires and subsequent recovery can change the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere because conifer forests contain large carbon stores. Stand-replacing fires switch ecosystems to being a net source of carbon as decomposition exceeds photosynthesisa—short-term effect (years to decades) that may be important over the next century if fire frequency increases. Over the long term (many centuries), net carbon storage through a fire cycle is zero if stands replace themselves. Therefore, equilibrium response of landscape carbon storage to changes in fire frequency will depend on how stand age distribution changes, on the carbon storage of different stand ages, and on postfire regeneration. In a case study of Yellowstone National Park, equilibrium values of landscape carbon storage were resistant to large changes in fire frequency because these forests regenerate quickly, the current fire interval is very long, the most rapid changes in carbon storage occur in the first century, and carbon storage is similar for stands of different ages. The conversion of forest to meadow or to sparser forest can have a large impact on landscape carbon storage, and this process is likely to be important for many conifer forests.Keywords:
Carbon fibers
Regime shift
Ecosystem model
Ecosystem Management
Lake ecosystem
Total human ecosystem
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Keadaan hutan mangrove di kawasan pesisir sudah dalam tahap parah. Khususnya untuk kawasan Sedati, Buduran dan Sidoarjo. Padahal sidoarjo dulu kaya akan mangrove, luasnya mencapai 1.080 hektar. Namun seiring berjalan nya waktu, kawasan mangrove hanya tertinggal 700 hektar saja. Hal ini tidak lepas karena keserakahan manusia dalam mengeksploitasi alam tanpa mempertimbangkan dampaknya terhadap lingkungan. Berangkat dari permasalahan diatas, dengan memanfaatkan citra satelit Landsat-8 OLI melalui perhitungan index vegetasi Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), dan Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Dimana, nilai index vegetasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggambarkan kerapatan vegetasi di Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Maka penelitian terkait pemetaan sebaran mangrove di wilayah Kabupaten Sidoarjo sangat diperlukan.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui sebaran mangrove di pesisir Kabupaten Sidoarjo, mengetahui sebaran nilai indeks vegetasi mangrove di pesisir Kabupaten Sidoarjo, dan menganalisis perbedaan antar persamaan yang digunakan untuk perhitungan indeks vegetasi dala pemetaan mangrove di pesisir Kabupaten Sidoarjo, sehingga dapat direkomendasikan persamaan indeks vegetasi yang tepat untuk digunakan saat akan menentukan sebaran mangrove.
Penelitian ini menggunakan software ENVI 5.3 untuk melakukan koreksi radiometrik dan klasifikasi supervised maupun klasifikasi unsupervised kemudian menggunakan software Arc GIS 10.0 untuk melakukan proses perhitungan tiga indeks vegetasi, digitasi, extract by mask, raster to point reclassify, hingga proses layout untuk menghasilkan peta kerapatan mangrove.
Hutan mangrove di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Sidoarjo tersebar dari utara sampai selatan. Wilayah pesisir bagian timur di Kecamatan Sedati mempunyai luas hutan mangrove sebesar 258 ha. Kecamatan Buduran mempunyai luas hutan mangrove sebesar 15 ha. Kecamatan Sidoarjo mempunyai luas hutan mangrove sebesar 36 ha. Dan kecamatan Jabon mempunyai luas hutan mangrove sebesar 352 ha. Hasil perhitungan indeks vegetasi dengan SAVI menunjukkan bahwa rentang indeks tersebar dari -0.09 sampai 0,55. Hasil perhitungan indeks vegetasi dengan MSAVI menunjukkan bahwa rentang indeks tersebar dari -0.04 sampai 0.37. Hasil perhitungan indeks vegetasi dengan EVI menunjukkan bahwa rentang indeks tersebar dari -0.03 sampai 0.24.
Nilai SAVI dan MSAVI menggambarkan vegetasi melalui citra satelit dengan memanfaatkan nilai reflektan dari kanal merah dan inframerah dekat dengan penambahan faktor koreksi kecerahan tanah (L). L adalah faktor koreksi kecerahan tanah. Perbedaan antara SAVI dan MSAVI terletak pada penentuan estimasi besarnya L, sedangkan pada EVI terdapat penambahan dari beberapa variabel diantaranya yaitu C1 C2 serta memakai nilai reflektan dari kanal biru . Sifat dari kanal biru pada spektrum data Landsat terbukti mampu meminimalisir efek gangguan atmosfir dengan baik karena memperhitungkan nilai variabel cahaya biru yang terhambur di atmosfer.
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Significance Life on Earth depends on ecologically driven nutrient cycles to regenerate resources. Understanding how nutrient cycles emerge from a complex web of ecological processes is a central challenge in ecology. However, we lack model ecosystems that can be replicated, manipulated, and quantified in the laboratory, making it challenging to determine how changes in composition and the environment impact cycling. Enabled by a new high-precision method to quantify carbon cycling, we show that materially closed microbial ecosystems (CES) provided with only light self-organize to robustly cycle carbon. Studying replicate CES that support a carbon cycle reveals variable community composition but a conserved set of metabolic capabilities. Our study helps establish CES as model biospheres for studying how ecosystems persistently cycle nutrients.
Nutrient cycle
Cycling
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Abstract This chapter introduces and explains the concept of ecosystem states and describes the extent of influence invasive species have over the states of an ecosystem. It explains that ecosystem states are determined by the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the ecosystem. Invasive species shift the balance of the ecosystem's dynamics by amplifying some feedback processes while dampening others. Moreover, ecosystems can simultaneously exist in locally stable but globally unstable states. The chapter also covers the concept of bistable ecosystems, and how invasive species complicate ecosystem dynamics in potentially irreversible ways.
Alternative stable state
Total human ecosystem
Bistability
Regime shift
Ecosystem engineer
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Though the overseas investigation,training and communication in Germany,the comprehensive understanding and acknowledge in German forestry,hereinto introduce German forestry in different aspects of forestry resources status and rights,the government's support and help in forestry,and forestry economy and management system were measured. Through the comparison between German forestry and Hunan Forestry,to make the conclusion about some forestry development experiences which could be learned from,such as Close-to-natureforest management concept,efficient and comprehensive utilization of timber,advanced forestry mechanization,forestry road and community forestry,the high quality of foresters,developed forestry laws and system,and solid forestry education and training,AndClose-to-nature forestry in the future Hunan forestry were discussed,in order to explore the development potential in Hunan forestry, which has strong reference function and practical guiding significance in realizing the great goal ofGreen Hunan.
Community forestry
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Carbon fibers
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The objective was to test the hypothesis that destruction of a biotic compartment of an ecosystem will increase system nutrient loss. Four ecosystems were described and their input-output budgets monitored. The vegetation of one ecosystem was killed with an herbicide. In another, an insecticide eliminated arthropods. The remaining two were controls.
Outcrop
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The word ecosystem comes from Greek [1] and it was first used to describe the interaction and relationship between biological populations and their environment. With the in-depth research on natural ecosystem, A.G. Tansley, a British ecologist, first put forward the concept of ecosystem in 1935. He pointed out that ecosystem is an entirety within which organisms and environments are connected and interacting with each other. Natural ecosystem has four basic elements: species, energy, material and information
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Forest carbon cycle is one of the important items in the research of terrestrial carbon cycle, while carbon cycle model is an important means in studying the carbon cycle mechanisms of forest ecosystem and in estimating carbon fluxes. Based on the sum-up of main carbon cycle models, this paper classified the forest carbon cycle models into two categories, i.e., patch scale forest carbon cycle models and regional scale terrestrial carbon cycle models, with their features commented. The future development trend in the research of forest carbon cycle models in China was discussed.
Carbon fibers
Carbon sink
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The idea that biodiversity is necessary in order for ecosystems to function properly has long been used as a basic argument for the conservation of species, and has led to an abundance of research exploring the relationships between species richness and ecosystem function. Here we present a meta-analysis of global ecosystems using the Bray-Curtis index to explore more complex changes in the species composition of natural ecosystems, and their relationship with ecosystem functions. By using data recorded, firstly in reference sites and secondly in recovering sites, captured in restoration ecology studies, we pose the following questions: Firstly, how much variation is there in species composition and in ecosystem function in an intact ecosystem? Secondly, once an ecosystem has become degraded, is there a general relationship between its recovery in species composition and its recovery in ecosystem function? Thirdly, is this relationship the same for all types of ecosystem functions? Data from 21 studies yielded 478 comparisons of mean values for ecosystems. On Average, sites within the same intact natural ecosystems shared only a 48% similarity in species composition but were 69% similar in ecosystem functioning. In recovering ecosystems the relationship between species composition and ecosystem function was weak and saturating (directly accounting for only 2% of the variation). Only two of the six types of ecosystem function examined, biomass and biotic structure, showed a significant relationship with species composition, and the three types that measured soil functions showed no significant relationship. To date, most biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) research has been conducted in simplified ecosystems using the simple species richness metric. This study encourages a broader examination of the drivers of ecosystem functions under realistic scenarios of biodiversity change, and highlights the need to properly account for the extensive natural variation.
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