Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
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Abstract Pumped hydroelectric storage is currently the only commercially proven large‐scale (>100 MW ) energy storage technology with over 200 plants installed worldwide with a total installed capacity of over 100 GW . The fundamental principle of pumped hydroelectric storage is to store electric energy in the form of hydraulic potential energy. Pumping typically takes place during off‐peak periods, when both electricity demand and electricity prices are low. Generation takes place during peak periods, when electricity system demand is high. Pumping and generating generally follow a daily cycle but weekly or even seasonal cycling is also possible with larger pumped hydroelectric storage plant. Pumped hydroelectric storage is a flexible form of electricity generation and can contribute many benefits to power systems operation. There has been a renewed commercial and technical interest in pumped hydroelectric storage recently with the advent of increased variable renewable energy generation and the development of liberalized electricity markets.Keywords:
Hydroelectricity
Stand-alone power system
Variable renewable energy
This study provides an analysis of the potential for a sub‐energy system to provide an electricity balancing service to, in this case, a national energy system with a large share of variable renewable electricity generation. By comparing electricity balancing capacity, CO 2, eq ‐emissions, and costs, three different local residential energy system setups are assessed. The setups contain different combinations of district heating, combined heat and power, thermal energy storage, electric battery storage, heat pumps, and electric boilers. The analysis focuses on system‐level integration, heat and electricity cross‐sectoral operations, and unconventional production strategies for district heating production. The results show that local sub‐energy systems with heat pumps, combined heat and power, and thermal energy storage has the potential to reduce national electricity balancing demand in an economically feasible way, and with modest CO 2, eq ‐emissions. It was also shown that electricity‐based heat production without district heating is economically unfavourable, even in the most optimistic scenario; it is not likely to be feasible within a 30‐year period.
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Nowadays, the decarbonization of the global and national economies by shifting from using fossil energy sources to using renewable energy sources represents an upward trend. The greatest potential has wind and photovoltaic sources, which are characterized by intermittency and unpredictability due to the intermittent nature of wind speed and solar irradiance. Thus, the main challenge for the integration of variable renewable energy sources (VRESs) into existing power systems is the gap between the electricity load of final users and the electricity generation of VRES. The main solutions for this challenge include using the reserve generation capacity and/or the energy storage systems (ESSs). Energy storage can be realized at different levels of the power systems: the end-users, the power plants, or the electricity grid. In this paper, we present the feasibility evaluation of the different types of ESS (battery and fuel cells) for the smoothing of the peak generation curve of the power plants using VRESs and the economically optimal capacity of ESSs.
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Variable renewable energy
Grid parity
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The integration of variable renewable energy resources result in an increased need for operational flexibility. Energy storage is one of the alternatives to conventional generation technologies to provide this flexibility. A generic model for energy storage is introduced into a generation expansion planning model, considering operational constraints of power plants and system balancing requirements. Different targets for the final renewable electricity generation towards the future are imposed, quantifying the need for electricity storage and the impact on the electricity generation mix. When facing high renewable targets, storage is found to reduce the need for installed generation capacity, both conventional and renewable, and reduce the electricity generation costs.
Variable renewable energy
Stand-alone power system
Electricity system
Renewable resource
Electricity retailing
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Contemporarily, the rapid development of different technology keeps increasing demands of different kinds of energy (especially the electric energy), which spontaneously brings serious threats to the natural environment in modern society. To achieve the higher efficiency and yield of electricity and overcome various challenges in electricity generation, multifarious methods and techniques have been introduced around the world. In this paper, one of the typical techniques named pumped storage hydroelectricity is introduced and detailly analyzed with its basic definition, sustainability goals, technology feasibilities, four main quantitative metrics and the corresponding future predictions. Main methods for analysis include the graphical and comparative analyses with some other typical energy generating and storage techniques. Based on the analysis, pumped storage hydroelectricity technology is effective in reducing carbon footprints as well as energy and resource waste, and possesses properties and characteristics of high efficiencies, low energy densities, relatively long response times and long lifespans. This paper provides a broader picture of the current development status of the pumped storage hydroelectricity technology and sheds light on the applications and future trends of this conventional and mature technique of energy storage.
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Water storage
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The use of natural resources like coal, nuclear and other fossil fuels for electricity generation exhausts the natural reserves and puts adverse effects on the environment. For assuring an unlimited energy supply and environment friendly generation of electricity, the renewable energy sources are utilized. But these sources are irregular sources of energy generation due to inconsistent natural situations. These fluctuations in the output of renewable energy sources can be omitted by employing a promising and huge energy storage system. The pumped hydroelectric-energy storage systems (PHES) are widely used for large-scale energy storage. The use of such systems along the natural renewable energy sources (RES) can enhance the penetration of renewable energy into the conventional grid and helps stabilize their fluctuating output. Such systems are economically feasible and help save the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels for energy generation. This paper presents a review of the studies conducted related to hybrid pumped storage systems. Further, a novel method for increasing the efficiency of a hybrid solar-wind-pumped hydroelectric energy storage system is proposed. It is concluded that the pumped hydroelectric energy storage systems help stabilize the output from the renewable energy sources as well as increase the penetration of renewable sources in the conventional power grids.
Energy development
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The article deals with the problem of accumulation of energy generated by wind and photovoltaic power stations. It notes that efficiency and reliability of electricity supply provided by wind and photovoltaic power may be achieved by using of back-up or storage power systems. There has been mentioned the ranges in cost of various electricity accumulation technologies. The authors consider the technology of construction a pumped-storage hydro power plant directly in the sea. Design parameters of storage reservoir of such hydro power plant have been estimated as well.
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Mains electricity
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The paper presents the results of a study and analysis of the structure of the balances of installed capacity and electricity generation at power plants of the energy interconnection of the CIS and Baltic countries. Based on an analytical study of the structure of power and electricity balances, the dependence of the cost of electricity on the structure of electricity generation at power plants of various types is shown. The lowest cost of electricity is found in Georgia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, where more than 80% of electricity is generated annually by hydroelectric power plants.
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Electricity retailing
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Today，there is a continuous need for more clean energy, this need has facilitated the increasing of distributed generation technology and renewable energy generation technology. In order to ensure the supply of renewable energy generation continuously and smoothly in distributed power generation system, need to configure a amount of energy storage system for storing excess power generated. This article outlines some energy storage technologies which are used in power systems in the current and future, summarizes the working principles and features of several storage units, provides the basis for the design of energy storage system.
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With the expansion of renewables in the electricity markets, research on electricity storage economics is needed for a better understanding of the utilization of these systems and for improving the performance of intermittent variable generation. Collected up-to-date research of electricity storage systems published in a wide range of articles with high impact factors gives a comprehensive review of the current studies regarding all relevant parameters for storage utilization in the electricity markets. Valuable research of technical characteristics from the literature is broadened with the electricity storage analyses from an economic point-of-view. Analysis of selected technologies, considering different perspectives such as their profitability, technical maturity, and environmental aspect, is a valuable addition to the previous research on electricity storage systems. Comparing conducted analysis with the selected literature, electricity storage technologies are analyzed concerning their viability in the electricity markets. Given the current outlook of the electricity market, the main problems for storage's wider integration are still energy storage costs. These can be overcome with different applications of energy storage systems, integration of new market players, or a combination of storage technologies along with the implementation of new energy policies for storage.
Stand-alone power system
Electricity retailing
Variable renewable energy
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Hydroelectricity
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