Discovery of low-mature hydrocarbon in manganese nodules and ooze from the Central Pacific deep sea floor
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Human beings receive great benefits from ocean resources. Therefore, it is extremely important to assess the future effects of deep seabed mining on oceanic life and environmental conservation. Under the supervision of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), MMAJ has been carried out environmental impact research for establishing the criteria for seabed mining in close collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States (NOAA) from 1989.In order to evaluate the impact of sediment discharges upon the benthic environment, the artificial resedimentation experiment was carried out in the Japanese pioneer area in 1994 (JET: Japan Deep Sea Impact Experiment). Moreover the observation on the condition of the sea floor after disturbance was continued in 1994 and 1995 by the Deep-sea Camera and sediment sampling. As a result of our experiment, it was suggested that the effects on oceanic life was observed.
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The existence of mineral-rich nodules on the floor of the deep seabed has been known about since the oceanographic expedition of HMS Challenger of 1872–76, but it was only in the second half of the twentieth century that commercial interest in the deep seabed evolved. This interest centered on the presence of an estimated 22 billion tons of polymetallic nodules, which contain fine-grained oxides of copper, nickel, cobalt, and manganese, located on the bed of the ocean at depths of approximately three miles. The exploitation of polymetallic nodules from the deep seabed had not been technically possible at the time of the First and Second Conferences. This situation rapidly changed in the 1960s as the range of ocean uses significantly increased through improvements in technology. At the time that the exploitation of manganese nodules became technically possible, the minerals found in the nodules were important to developing and developed countries alike where the latter were the greatest consumers and the former were the greatest producers. These resources were important for iron and steel production, in applications requiring high temperature resistant alloys, for corrosion resistance, and to strengthen alloy steel.
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The deep seabed is one of the newest and possibly most rewarding frontiers that has challenged mankind in its quest for knowledge and material accomplishment. Resources of the deep seabed promise to make an enormous contribution to the world's resource base if their potential is realized. Nowadays, the resources of the deep seabed of immediate interest are in the shape of manganese nodules which lie on the surface of the ocean floor and contain numerous metals-copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, etc.
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Abstract In the smelting process of high manganese steel, the volatilization of manganese will be accompanied. In this article, the volatilization of manganese in high manganese steel was studied by simultaneous thermal analyzer. The results show that the volatilization rate of manganese in high manganese steel increases with increasing temperature and holding time. It is proved by experimental study and data analysis that manganese volatilization follows the first-order kinetics model, and the empirical formula of manganese evaporation is derived. The volatile products of manganese were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the volatile components of manganese mainly consisted of MnO, Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , and MnO 2 . Combined with thermodynamics, the mechanism of manganese volatilization is further analyzed, and two forms of manganese volatilization in high manganese steel are revealed. One is that manganese atoms on the surface of high manganese steel and oxygen atoms in the gas form different types of manganese oxides and then volatilize at high temperature. The other way is that Mn atoms vaporize into Mn vapor and evaporate in high temperature environment, and then are oxidized into different types of manganese oxides. The results of theoretical calculation and experiment show that manganese volatilization is mainly in the first form.
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Effects of manganese availability on soybean (Glycine max) growth,acquisition of manganese,iron and phosphorus were investigated. The results showed that soybean growth was significantly inhibited when manganese was deficient or beyond 50 μmol·L-1 in the media. With increase of manganese concentration,more manganese was accumulated in plants,especially in old leaves. Antagonistic effects were observed between manganese and iron. Acquisition of phosphorus was not affected by manganese availability. However,distribution of phosphorus in old and young leaves was significantly influenced by manganese deficiency.
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Abstract Deep-sea sediments hold evolutionary records of the oceanic environment, records of great significance for scientific fields investigating marine sedimentary processes, structural evolution, and seabed mineral resource exploration. However, the acquisition of original samples from deep-sea sediments is completely dependent on advanced seabed sediment collection methods and technical equipment. In this paper, a novel sampler is proposed to obtain intact sediment samples at full-ocean-depth. It mainly consists of a sampling device, pressure-retaining device, pressure-compensating device and sample transfer device. The sampler can collect samples at full-ocean-depth (11,000 m) with a maximum core diameter of 54 mm and core length of 350 mm, and samples can be maintained at near in situ pressures during recovery. The sampler can be installed on a remote operated vehicle (ROV) or human occupied vehicle (HOV), and operated with a single mechanical arm to collect pressure-retained samples. The experimental test showed that the novel sampler had good pressure-retaining performance and suitability with a mechanical arm, and can be applied to pressure-retaining sampling of seabed sediments at depth of 11,000 m.
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The mineral industry is expanding fast coinciding with the increase in demands. The depleting land-based minerals has led to the seeking of mineral resources especially from deep sea. Deep seabed minerals have high concentration of precious metal in comparison to land-based minerals. A lot of countries have started to explore and exploit the deep seabed minerals. Thus, it is necessary for Malaysia to commence on deep seabed mining exploration to reap its economic and technological benefits. Similarly, like land mining, the marine environment will face environmental degradation from deep seabed mining exploration. Being a State-party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) and Convention of Biological Diversity 1994 (CBD), Malaysia has yet to develop a set of policies, regulations and laws related to deep seabed mining to mitigate its effect to the marine environment coinciding to the requirements of these conventions. The purpose of this study is to explore the preparedness of Malaysia to embark on exploration of deep seabed mining in areas beyond the national jurisdiction while observing the effects of deep seabed mining to the marine environment. The challenges in exploring the deep seabed mining as well as the relevant international and national laws related to deep seabed mining will also be observed in this study.
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