Water stress in turoa red clover under aotea wheat
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Abstract:
Abstract Red clover (Trifolium pratense L. cv. ’Grasslands Turoa‘) established with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aotea) in Canterbury was under considerable water stress during reproductive stages of deveiopment of the cereal, even when the soil water potential in the top 15 ern was approximately —1 bar. It is postulated that the unfavourable light and moisture environment of the red clover under wheat severely restricted root development to a few centimetres of the soil surface, where much less water was available than at greater depths.Keywords:
Red Clover
Water Stress
Winter wheat
Moisture stress
The influence of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) on grain growth parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (PBW 343 and PBW 527) under water deficit conditions was studied. Wheat crop needs water for the entire period of growth, but some stages are more vulnerable to water shortage and moisture, stress imposed during this period may result in significant yield losses. Water stress imposed at the tillering stage resulted in more yield loss when compared to the stress given at the boot leaf stage. Water stress had decreased the harvest index, but the decrease was more pronounced when the stress was given at the tillering stage when compared to the boot leaf stage. Foliar application of BAP at 100 μg ml-1 given at the vegetative stage under water deficit conditions had showed the stress ameliorative effect.
Water Stress
Economic shortage
Moisture stress
Drought stress
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The nutritional value of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were studied over two consecutive growing seasons (1995 and 1996) with an in vitro gas production technique and chemical analysis. The decline in degradability was more pronounced with increasing maturity in timothy than in red clover during spring growth, but similar during summer growth. Red clover contained more components soluble in neutral detergent solution (NDS) at all harvest occasions. The fractional degradation rate for the NDS fraction was lower in red clover compared to timothy. Red clover had slightly higher fractional degradation rate for the whole forage, but the total kinetic release of energy was similar for the two species at the same harvest time. The results indicate that timothy and red clover have different intrinsic characteristics limiting degradation. Effects of the treatments with NDS on the allocation of pectins could partially explain the differences in degradation characteristics.
Red Clover
Phleum
Degradation
Limiting
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Winter wheat
Drought Resistance
Water Stress
Drought stress
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The aim of this thesis was to describe and compare timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) as forage for dairy cattle on the basis of the chemical composition and the in vitro degradation characteristics. Initially the degradation characteristics determined with an in vitro gas production technique and an in vitro filter bag technique were compared. Both techniques were found to be interesting tools for providing relevant degradation parameters for feed evaluation models. Thereafter the degradation characteristics and nutritive value of forages of timothy and red clover were described with recordings of in vitro gas production and chemical analysis. Analysis of the herbage of red clover and timothy showed that red clover contained lower concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and had lower degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) on all harvest occasions. Red clover had on average a higher maximal fractional degradation rate (FDRmax) of the whole forage compared to timothy. The FDRmax for the NDF in red clover was not different from that in timothy. In timothy the components soluble in neutral detergent solution had a higher FDRmax compared to those in red clover. Timothy and red clover were conserved as direct cut silages with the addition of conservation additives. It was found that timothy and red clover herbage responded differently to the silage additives. Silages treated with additives had a shorter time until half of the gas was produced, as well as a shorter time until the maximal fractional degradation rate was reached, indicating a faster in vitro degradation compared to that of untreated silages. The use of additives improved the NDFD in silage with red clover but not that in the silage of pure timothy. The relationships between the feed characteristics and the relative silage intake in dairy cows were evaluated. It was found that the preparation technique for silage samples was important and that wet silage samples had a higher gas production and different kinetics compared to dried samples. It was concluded that chemical analysis in combination with the in vitro gas production technique can be a cost-efficient tool for relative prediction of silage intake based on feed characteristics. The predictions can be used to compose feed rations that will optimize silage intake in relation to milk production and to improve conservation management.
Red Clover
Silage
Phleum
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Degradation
Fodder
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Objective Red clover (Trifolium pratense) extracts are becoming increasingly popular, primarily for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Although promoted as a phytoestrogen source similar to soybeans, red clover is a medicinal herb, not a food, and traditionally has not been used long-term. We sought to review the scientific literature for this newer use. Design Medline was searched for controlled trials of red clover (Trifolium pratense), and other sources were searched for other studies and abstracts. Results Two double-blind placebo-controlled trials found no beneficial effects of red clover extracts on hot flashes or other menopausal symptoms. Three of four trials examining the effect of red clover on lipids found no benefit; the fourth trial contains too little data to interpret. One study examining the effect of red clover on arterial compliance found a significant beneficial effect on arterial compliance. Conclusion Red clover extracts have as yet no clear demonstrable benefit for menopausal symptoms. Potential estrogenic effects on breast and endometrium have not been adequately assessed. The presence of coumarins in some clover species makes it imperative to include tests of clotting factors in future trials.
Red Clover
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Red clover is a perennial herb traditionally used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, whooping cough, and respiratory problems. The isoflavones present in red clover have estrogen-like effects and have been the subject of intense research over the last decade. Data on red clover’s potential for reducing the symptoms of menopause and for decreasing the risk of breast cancer are inconclusive. Overuse of isoflavone supplements can increase the risk of hormone-sensitive cancer.
Red Clover
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Hetta, M. 2004. Timothy and red clover as forage for dairy production. Doctoral thesis. ISSN 1401-6249, ISBN 91-576-6481-1. The aim of this thesis was to describe and compare timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) as forage for dairy cattle on the basis of the chemical composition and the in vitro degradation characteristics. Initially the degradation characteristics determined with an in vitro gas production technique and an in vitro filter bag technique were compared. Both techniques were found to be interesting tools for providing relevant degradation parameters for feed evaluation models. Thereafter the degradation characteristics and nutritive value of forages of timothy and red clover were described with recordings of in vitro gas production and chemical analysis. Analysis of the herbage of red clover and timothy showed that red clover contained lower concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and had lower degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) on all harvest occasions. Red clover had on average a higher maximal fractional degradation rate (FDRmax) of the whole forage compared to timothy. The FDRmax for the NDF in red clover was not different from that in timothy. In timothy the components soluble in neutral detergent solution had a higher FDRmax compared to those in red clover. Timothy and red clover were conserved as direct cut silages with the addition of conservation additives. It was found that timothy and red clover herbage responded differently to the silage additives. Silages treated with additives had a shorter time until half of the gas was produced, as well as a shorter time until the maximal fractional degradation rate was reached, indicating a faster in vitro degradation compared to that of untreated silages. The use of additives improved the NDFD in silage with red clover but not that in the silage of pure timothy. The relationships between the feed characteristics and the relative silage intake in dairy cows were evaluated. It was found that the preparation technique for silage samples was important and that wet silage samples had a higher gas production and different kinetics compared to dried samples. It was concluded that chemical analysis in combination with the in vitro gas production technique can be a cost-efficient tool for relative prediction of silage intake based on feed characteristics. The predictions can be used to compose feed rations that will optimize silage intake in relation to milk production and to improve conservation management.
Red Clover
Silage
Phleum
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Fodder
Degradation
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Abstract Unwilted red clover and alfalfa herbage were hand‐chopped, inoculated, ensiled into laboratory silos and opened after 0, 1, 3 and 7 days. Proteolysis was 40% lower with the red clover silage than alfalfa silage after 7 days of ensiling. The lower extent of proteolysis with the red clover silages could not be explained by differences in dry matter content, pH decline nor final pH of the silage. It was determined that red clover has a buffer soluble protein that could inhibit proteolysis in red clover and alfalfa. The soluble protein is possibly a polyphenol oxidase.
Red Clover
Silage
Proteolysis
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Winter wheat
Thermal infrared
Water Stress
Drought stress
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This paper deals with three experiments that were carried out on the effect of moisture regime. The three crops involved were groundnut, millet, and sorghum. The results show that intercropping may give relative advantages under conditions of moisture stress but little or none under no-stress conditions. It is also evident that the effects of moisture stress are very complex and that they vary with crop combination and row arrangement within a combination.
Intercropping
Moisture stress
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