The Influence of Taxes and Subsidies on Energy Purchased in an Experimental Purchasing Study
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There is limited research on how taxes and subsidies would influence the energy and nutritional quality of food purchases. Using an experimental analogue purchasing task, we examined the effects of increasing the price of high-calorie-for-nutrient foods or reducing the price of low-calorie-for-nutrient foods by 12.5% and 25% on mothers’ purchases of 68 common foods and drinks. Taxing less healthy foods with low nutrient density reduced energy (caloric) intake, while reducing the proportion of fat and increasing the proportion of protein purchased. Subsidizing more healthful foods with high nutrient density increased energy intake, without changing the macronutrient profile of foods purchased. These results favor taxes as a way to reduce caloric intake.Keywords:
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A bstract : It has been suggested that the influence of caloric intake on aging rate is not due to the absolute number of calories ingested. Instead, aging rate is altered only when there is a disparity between the actual caloric intake and that which would be ingested if the food supply were unlimited. This review will discuss a few of the studies supporting this viewpoint.
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Nutrition is essential in critically ill patients, but translating caloric prescriptions into adequate caloric intake remains challenging. Caloric prescriptions (P), effective intake (I), and caloric needs (N), calculated with modified Harris-Benedict formulas, were recorded during seven consecutive days in ventilated patients. Adequacy of prescription was estimated by P/N ratio. I/P ratio assessed accuracy of translating a prescription into administered feeding. I/N ratio compared delivered calories with theoretical caloric needs. Fifty patients were prospectively studied in a mixed medicosurgical ICU in a teaching hospital. Basal and total energy expenditure were, respectively, kcal/d and kcal/d. P and I attained kcal/d and kcal/d, respectively. 24.6% prescriptions were accurate, and 24.3% calories were correctly administered. Excessive calories were prescribed in 35.4% of patients, 27.4% being overfed. Caloric needs were underestimated in 40% prescriptions, with 48.3% patients underfed. Calculating caloric requirements by a modified standard formula covered energy needs in only 25% of long-term mechanically ventilated patients, leaving many over- or underfed. Nutritional imbalance mainly resulted from incorrect prescription. Failure of “simple” calculations to direct caloric prescription in these patients suggests systematic use of more reliable methods, for example, indirect calorimetry.
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Objectives Many people are interested in tracking caloric intake and expenditure for weight management purposes. It is difficult to accurately track exercise expenditure, and people may rely on the information reported by exercise equipment as it is easily available. This study examined the caloric estimation differences between the algorithm used by an elliptical machine and an indirect calorimetry device. Methods Participants were 34 adults with 20 females (25 ± 8.47 years; 1.64 ± 0.08 m, 62.37 ± 10.81 kg) and 14 males (25.07 ± 5.46 years; 1.75 ± 0.06 m, 84.02 ± 12.33 kg). The caloric expenditure information from each device was compared to examine difference overall, in 5 minute intervals, and between males and females. Results There was a significant difference in overall caloric expenditure (t33 = 22.27, p < .001). The difference in caloric expenditure estimation methods was not significantly different for males and females (t32 = 2.01, p = .05). Conclusions Elliptical machines appear to overestimate caloric expenditure by a large number of calories. As is often stated, caution should be used when relying on exercise equipment for caloric expenditure information. Based on this data, individuals should expect caloric expenditure to be overestimated by approximately 100 calories each 30 min of exercise performed on elliptical equipment at moderate intensity. Keywords: Calories; Energy expenditure; Measurement; Technology; Weight management
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Vegetarians consume more nutrient-dense diets, have lower body mass indexes (BMIs), and most have less chronic disease than non-vegetarians.The diet seems appealing but it is important to consider the caloric contribution of vegetarian proteins.We assigned 28 g of protein as the ideal intake for a single meal.Next we determined the corresponding number of calories for 33 commonly consumed vegetarian and non-vegetarian protein-containing foods.Usually 28 g protein from vegetarian sources had more calories than non-vegetarian ones.The average caloric contribution was 267±47 calories/28 g protein from meats and 737±141 calories/28g protein from seeds and nuts.Assuming that vegetarians consume adequate protein, they need to reduce energy intake from other foods, have increased energy expenditures, or both, to avoid weight gain.South Asians consume mainly a vegetarian diet but have a high incidence of heart disease.More work is needed to determine if the optimal diet is, indeed, vegetarian.
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A retrospective analysis of the caloric intake of patients in the coronary intensive care unit was undertaken after discovery of two cases of severe hypoglycemia. An unsuspected number of extremely low daily caloric intakes were found after careful analyses. The surviving group (50 patients) had less than 600 calories on 19.5% of the patient days and under 800 calories on 28.8% of patient days. In the nonsurviving group (29 patients) caloric intake was under 600 calories on 48.8% of patient days and under 200 calories on 22.7% of patient days. This study indicates the importance of monitoring actual caloric intake to avoid unrecognized extreme caloric deprivation and its possible complications.
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To the Editor:—
In an editorial inThe Journalof Dec. 7, 1957, page 1830, entitled "Nutrition in the Surgical Patient," some statements are made which are disputable. The writer states that to maintain caloric equilibrium it is necessary to give 40 calories per kilogram to the average-sized individual. Thus, a male, aged 40, height 67 in. (170 cm.), weight 154 lb. (70 kg.), would have a daily expenditure of 2,800 calories. The basal caloric expenditure of such a patient is approximately 1,700 calories. Since physical activities are negligible postoperatively, the exogenous caloric output would barely reach 400 calories, making the total daily energy output 2,100 calories. Thus, only 30 calories, rather than 40, per kilogram are necessary to maintain caloric equilibrium. The writer further states: "After a subtotal gastrectomy... male patients who were maintained solely on sugar solutions during the postoperative period showed a five-day cumulative nitrogen deficit ofCalorie
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The first law of thermodynamics dictates that body mass remains constant when caloric intake equals caloric expenditure. It should be noted, however, that different diets lead to different biochemical pathways that are not equivalent when correctly compared through the laws of thermodynamics. It is inappropriate to assume that the only thing that counts in terms of food consumption and energy balance is the intake of dietary calories and weight storage. Well-controlled studies suggest that calorie content may not be as predictive of fat loss as is reduced carbohydrate consumption. Biologically speaking, a calorie is certainly not a calorie. The ideal weight loss diet, if it even exists, remains to be determined, but a high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet may be unsatisfactory for many obese individuals.
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