Structural and functional asymmetry of lateral Heschl's gyrus reflects pitch perception preference
Peter SchneiderVanessa SlumingNeil RobertsMichael SchergRainer GoebelKarsten SpechtH. G. DoschStefan BleeckChristoph StippichAndré Rupp
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Magnetoencephalography
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Inferior frontal gyrus
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Superior temporal gyrus
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The features and progression of the neuropathology of schizophrenia are still poorly defined. Structural and electrophysiological finds indicate that auditory areas of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) may be especially affected. In vivo structural imaging has found a decreased gray matter volume in the STG that is more consistent in the caudal STG, and may be more pronounced in the left hemisphere. Located on the caudal STG are Heschl’s gyrus (HG) and the adjacent planum temporale (PT). These regions also have a reduced volume in schizophrenia, suggesting that early stages of auditory sensory processing, possibly including the primary auditory cortex, are involved in schizophrenia pathology. Relatively few postmortem studies in auditory cortex are available, but the initial findings suggest that these areas have anatomical changes comparable to those found in frontal and other regions of the cerebral cortex. List of Abbreviations: A1, primary auditory cortex; HG, Heschl’s gyrus; paAe, external parakoniocortex; paAi, internal parakoniocortex; paAr, rostral parakoniocortex; PT, planum temporale; R, rostral auditory area of monkey; RT, rostrotemporal auditory area of monkey; SI, sulcus intermedius; STG, superior temporal gyrus; TA, auditory area TA of von Economo; TB, auditory area TB of von Economo; TC, .3 Auditory cortex anatomy and asymmetry in schizophrenia auditory area TC of von Economo; Tpt, temporo-parietal area; vMGB, ventral subdivision of the medial geniculate body
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Magnetoencephalography
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Auditory System
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Planum temporale
Superior temporal sulcus
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Temporal cortex
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Abstract The primary auditory cortex (PAC) is located in the region of Heschl's gyrus (HG), as confirmed by histological, cytoarchitectonical, and neurofunctional studies. Applying cortical thickness (CTH) analysis based on high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in 60 primary school children and 60 adults, we investigated the CTH distribution of left and right auditory cortex (AC) and primary auditory source activity at the group and individual level. Both groups showed contoured regions of reduced auditory cortex (redAC) along the mediolateral extension of HG, illustrating large inter‐individual variability with respect to shape, localization, and lateralization. In the right hemisphere, redAC localized more within the medial portion of HG, extending typically across HG duplications. In the left hemisphere, redAC was distributed significantly more laterally, reaching toward the anterolateral portion of HG. In both hemispheres, redAC was found to be significantly thinner (mean CTH of 2.34 mm) as compared to surrounding areas (2.99 mm). This effect was more dominant in the right hemisphere rather than in the left one. Moreover, localization of the primary component of auditory evoked activity (P1), as measured by MEG in response to complex harmonic sounds, strictly co‐localized with redAC. This structure–function link was found consistently at the group and individual level, suggesting PAC to be represented by areas of reduced cortex in HG. Thus, we propose reduced CTH as an in vivo marker for identifying shape and localization of PAC in the individual brain.
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Objective To explore the role of thalamus in analgesia induced by transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation(TAES).Methods 14(7 male,7 female) healthy right-handed volunteers received functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) scan before and after TAES respectively.Thalamus was as the region of interest(ROI).All the processing works were carried out using the Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results Compared with the basic state,significantly weaker functional connectivity was mainly found in the region of bilateral precuneus gyrus,bilateral superior gyrus of parietal lobe,the inferior gyrus of left temporal,the middle gyrus of right temporal and the middle gyrus of right frontal;while significantly greater functional connectivity was found in bilateral cerebellum,bilateral insula,the basal ganglia,inferior gyrus of bilateral frontal,the orbital gyrus of left frontal,the superior gyrus of left temporal(P0.005,cluster10 mm3) after TAES.Conclusion Thalamus plays a key role in the central analgesia induced by TAES,which may associate with the functonal connectivity between thalamus and the regions of cerebellum,precuneus gyrus,insula,the basal ganglia,superior gyrus of parietal lobe,the orbital,middle and inferior gyrus of frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.
Limbic lobe
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Primary auditory cortex (PAC), located in Heschl’s gyrus (HG), is the earliest cortical level at which sounds are processed. Standard theories of speech perception assume that signal components are given a representation in PAC which are then matched to speech templates in auditory association cortex. An alternative holds that speech activates a specialized system in cortex that does not use the primitives of PAC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed different brain activation patterns in listening to speech and nonspeech sounds across different levels of complexity. Sensitivity to speech was observed in association cortex, as expected. Further, activation in HG increased with increasing levels of complexity with added fundamentals for both nonspeech and speech stimuli, but only for nonspeech when separate sources (release bursts∕fricative noises or their nonspeech analogs) were added. These results are consistent with the existence of a specialized speech system which bypasses more typical processes at the earliest cortical level.
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To evaluate the value of magnetic source imaging (MSI) in the functional localization of the primary auditory cortex.The M100 waves of cortical auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) evoked by 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kHz pure tones in 5 subjects and by 2 kHz pure tones in 25 healthy young subjects were measured respectively (16 males and 14 females, with the age from 20 to 32 years old) using a whole head 306 channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) system. The MSI obtained by superimposing functional MEG data on structural magnetic resonance image (MRI) was used to localize the M100 sources on the auditory cortex.The M100 waves of AEFs were clear and replicable in both hemispheres. The M100 sources were localized on the bilateral transverse temporal gyri in all 30 subjects. The localization of M100 on transverse temporal gyri varied with the changes of stimulus frequency. The localization of primary auditory cortex was asymmetrical between bilateral hemispheres, and the left hemisphere M100 dipoles were significantly posterior compared to the right M100 dipoles. The M100 responses appeared significantly earlier to the contralateral stimuli than that to the ipsilateral stimuli in both hemispheres. The dipole positions of M100 were independent of the side of the stimuli.The functional localization of the primary auditory cortex could be determined precisely by magnetic source imaging (MSI) with high spatiotemporal resolution. MSI would hold great promise as a noninvasive tool for the fundamental and clinical research in otology.
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We characterized the functional organization of different fields within the auditory cortex of anaesthetized ferrets. As previously reported, the primary auditory cortex, A1, and the anterior auditory field, AAF, are located on the middle ectosylvian gyrus. These areas exhibited a similar tonotopic organization, with high frequencies represented at the dorsal tip of the gyrus and low frequencies more ventrally, but differed in that AAF neurons had shorter response latencies than those in A1. On the basis of differences in frequency selectivity, temporal response properties and thresholds, we identified four more, previously undescribed fields. Two of these are located on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus and were tonotopically organized. Neurons in these areas responded robustly to tones, but had longer latencies, more sustained responses and a higher incidence of non-monotonic rate-level functions than those in the primary fields. Two further auditory fields, which were not tonotopically organized, were found on the anterior ectosylvian gyrus. Neurons in the more dorsal anterior area gave short-latency, transient responses to tones and were generally broadly tuned with a preference for high (>8 kHz) frequencies. Neurons in the other anterior area were frequently unresponsive to tones, but often responded vigorously to broadband noise. The presence of both tonotopic and non-tonotopic auditory cortical fields indicates that the organization of ferret auditory cortex is comparable to that seen in other mammals.
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