Pre-eminence of the Indirect Channel in the Resonant Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cerium Oxide
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Photon energy
Dominance (genetics)
It has been considered to be difficult to calculate the energy quantity, which is transfered to photons composing materials from incident photons, by means of present absorption coefficients. The ratio of transfered energy to photons composing water layer from incident photons (effective energy absorption ratio) was calculated theoretically. Consequently, the ratio of total exit energy to total incident energy as a function of thickness of layer was represented a sigmoid curve on semilogarithmic scale, and was saturated to the value of energy emerged from the layer by back scattered photons. It can be able to calculate the effective energy absorption ratio for given photon energy and for given thickness of layer by following equation, which is a function of photon energy and "effective energy absorption ratio coefficients" (k, n), obtained from the graphs. (effective energy absorption ratio) =1-k×E^n (E : primary photon energy [keV])
Photon energy
Two-Photon Absorption
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Zinc sulfide
Alkaline earth metal
Fluorescence spectrometry
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A method is suggested for the indirect determination of cerium(III) ions in the presence of a high excess of tetravalent cerium. Ce(III) is oxidized to Ce(IV) by tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(III) complex (ferriin) in the presence of sodium diphosphate, and the purple-red iron(II) complex (ferroin) formed is determined photometrically at 530 nm. Trivalent cerium can be so determined in quantities of 0-400 μg/50 ml with a relative error of ±3.5%. Cerium(III) was determined in commercial cerium(IV) sulphate and cerium dioxide preparations.
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The existence forms of cerium in ultra- IF steel,in which the contents of oxygen and sulphur were both less than 0.000 6%,were studied by chemical analysis,thermodynamic calculation,micro- examination and hardness measurement. And the effects of cerium on Al2O3 inclusions,microstructure and hardness were discussed. The results show that,when the cerium content was between 0.006 1% and 0.009 3%,the solid solubility of cerium range from 0.004 1%to 0.006 7%. About seventy percent of cerium is in the form of solid solution,the rest of cerium is in the form of inclusions,and there is no Ce- Fe intermetallic compound in the steel. By adding cerium,Al2O3 inclusions are modified into smaller globular Ce Al O3 inclusions. Cerium played a role in modifying inclusions in the steel. Cerium has the effect of refining the microstructures of the steel. The greater the amount of solid solution of cerium was,the finer the crystalline grains were. When the content of cerium are 0.006 1% and 0.009 3%,Rockwell hardness increases by 7.6% and 12.7% respectively compared with IF steel without cerium.
Rockwell scale
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A high sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace cerium(Ⅳ)has been developed. In H 3PO 4 medium, cerium(Ⅳ)reacts with diantipyrylvinylphenylmethane to form a red compound with an absorption maximum at 540nm. The apparent molar absorptivity is 2.3×10 5·L·mol -1 ·cm -1 . Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0-6μg/25mL for cerium(Ⅳ). The method can tolerance other rare earths in considerable amount, The proposed method has been used to determination of cerium with satisfactory results.
Molar absorptivity
Color reaction
Trace Amounts
Spectrophotometry
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In this paper,the decoloring of didromocarboxysenazo oxidized by cerium(Ⅳ) in sulfuric acid has been studied.The decrease in absorbance is directly proportional to the amount of cerium.Under the reaction temperature of 25℃,The maxium absorption is at 530nm,the detection limit was 1.66×10~(-6) μg/mL and the regressive eqution is :ΔA=0.1646C_(Ce(Ⅳ))(μg/mL)-0.0194 and the liner range of the determination was 0～8.5 μg/mL.The method has been used for the determination of cerium in hair with satisfactory results.
Absorbance
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Using Monte Carlo simulation, reconstruction of photon conversions is studied, and the detection efficiency and energy resolution as a function of photon energy are obtained. The dE/dx correction for the electrons from photon conversions and the energy scale for the photons are calibrated with BES II data. An improved Crystal Ball function describes well the energy distribution of the photons. Photon energy resolutions in the range from 2.3 to 3.8MeV are found for the photons with energy from 100 to 260MeV at the BES II detector.
Photon energy
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