Seroprevalence of Anti-H5 Antibody among Thai Health Care Workers after Exposure to Avian Influenza (H5N1) in a Tertiary Care Center
Anucha ApisarnthanarakS. ErbIain StephensonJ. M. KatzMalinee ChittaganpitchSiripakorn SangkitpornRungrueng KitphatiPranee ThawatsuphaSunthareeya WaicharoenUayporn PinitchaiPiyaporn ApisarnthanarakVictoria J. FraserLinda M. Mundy
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Abstract:
After the initial atypical presentation of a patient with avian influenza (H5N1) infection, paired acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples obtained from 25 health care workers (HCWs) who were exposed to the patient were compared with paired serum samples obtained from 24 HCWs who worked at different units in the same hospital and were not exposed to the patient. There was no serologic evidence of anti-H5 antibody reactivity or subclinical infection in either of the groups.Keywords:
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Subclinical infection
Tertiary care
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A sampling of equids from the state of Oklahoma produced an estimate of seroprevalence of antibody to Sarcocystis neurona to be about 89.2%. This figure represents the highest currently reported regional seroprevalence of antibody to this organism. Regional differences in seroprevalence were found in the western quadrants of the state relative to the eastern quadrants of the state, with a significantly higher seroprevalence in the eastern regions. Thoroughbreds were found to exhibit a statistically significant lower seroprevalence as a breed group when compared with other breeds sampled.
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Sera samples (575) were collected from 17 breeds of apparently healthy dogs from different parts of the country and tested for the presence of antibodies against cytotoxin-I antigen ELISA from S. Weltevreden (BM1613) to know the seroprevalence of salmonellosis. The overall seroprevalence was 58.08%. Place-wise the highest seroprevalence was in sera samples collected from Dehradun (92.00%), while breed-wise maximum sera samples of Labrador (81.58%) showed the presence of anti- cytotoxin-I antibodies of salmonella. The difference of seroprevalence of salmonellosis between 2 sexes was nonsignificant and the age group of 7–9 years and above showed the highest serprevalence (63.37%). Our results showed a high seroprevalence of salmonellosis in dogs, which indicates a serious threat to human health.
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Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease of cattle with a high economic impact. To estimate the seroprevalence of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection of cattle on smallholder farms we included 78 smallholder farms in the Belgrade epizootiological area where 318 blood serum samples from cattle were collected, and subsequently tested. The samples were analyzed using a commercially available competitive enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against BVDV. The obtained results showed an overall seroprevalence of 3.8% whereas the seroprevalence on herd level varied from 0% to 80%. The obtained results showed a relatively low seroprevalence of BVD infection on smallholder farms on the territory of Belgrade city.
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs in 10 regions of Zhejiang Province, China, was obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti–T. gondii antibodies were found in 53.4% (434/813) of pigs. Results were analyzed by a chi-square (χ2) test. Differences were observed according to farm size, animal age, and sampling regions. Seroprevalences in pigs raised on small farms (71.4%) were significantly higher than that (42.7%) on large farms (P < 0.05), and seroprevalence increased progressively with age. The seroprevalence ranged from 28.1% to 66.0% in different regions, with Jiaxing having the lowest level (28.1%), followed by Hangzhou (36.0%) and Taizhou (42.0%). This is the first study on seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in pigs in Zhejiang Province.
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Abstract Laboratory-confirmed cases of subclinical infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in humans are rare, and the true number of these cases is unknown. We describe the identification of a laboratory-confirmed subclinical case in a woman during an influenza A(H5N1) contact investigation in northern Vietnam.
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H5N1 genetic structure
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Serologic testing provides better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and its transmission. This study was an investigation of the prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Saudi Arabia. To estimate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors in Saudi Arabia during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Serology results and epidemiological data were analyzed for 837 adult blood donors, with no confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, in Saudi Arabia from 20th to 25th May 2020. Seroprevalence was determined using electrochemical immunoassay to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 1.4% (12/837). Non-citizens had higher seroprevalence compared with citizens (OR 13.6, p = 0.001). Secondary education was significantly associated with higher seroprevalence compared with higher education (OR 6.8, p = 0.005). The data showed that the highest seroprevalence was in Makkah (8.1%). Uisng Makkah seroprevalence as the reference, the seroprevalence in other areas was: Madinah 4.1% (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.12-1.94), Jeddah 2.3% (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.31-2.25), and Qassim 2.9 % (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04-2.89) and these were not statistically different from seroprevalence in the Makkah region. At the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia, the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors was low, but was higher among non-citizens. These findings may indicate that non-citizens and less educated individuals may be less attentive to preventive measures. Monitoring seroprevalence trends over time require repeated sampling.
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2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
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Large outbreaks of hepatitis E virus have been reported in warm climates with poor sanitation although it exists in endemic form in these areas too. This oro-fecally transmitted infection has been described mainly in adults with very little data from children. This study looked at seroprevalence in children resident in a rural district in Ghana with very little pipe-borne water supply. Sera from 803 randomly selected pupils aged 6-18 years were evaluated for anti-HEV. The overall seroprevalence was 4.4% with seroprevalence increasing from 1% in 6-7 year olds to 8.1% in 16-18 year olds. Females had a significantly higher seroprevalence than males. Anti-seroprevalence was also not influenced by the presence of hepatitis B and C virus markers. Anti-HEV seroprevalence was however, far lower than suspected seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus which is also transmitted oro-fecally. The short life of anti-HEV may be responsible for this low seroprevalence.
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Hepatitis E Virus
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Seroprevalence studies suggest that the number of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases is significantly smaller than the true number of infections. I study logintidual seroprevalence data from 7 sites across the US, from early April 2020 to June 27. I show that not only COVID-19 seroprevalence does not seem to increase over time, there is no clear association between the number of cases reported during a period and the change in seroprevalence during the same time. I conclude that as they are, seroprevalence studies can only be used in the qualitative sense and distinguish between populations with no COVID-19 exposure, to those populations where the virus had already started spreading.
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2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
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