A study on truncated cone-beam sampling strategies for 3D mammography
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In USA, breast cancer is a most frequent cause of deaths for women. It is important to detect the cancer in its early stage. X-ray three-dimensional (3D) mammography can provide a good image resolution and contrast However, the associated radiation is relatively high. Reduction of the soft X-ray radiation for 3D mammography has been a research focus in the past years. In a typical 3D mammography system, the X-ray source and detector rotate around the object (breast) beneath the table, on which the patient lies in a prone position. In order to sample the data as close as possible to the chest base, a circular orbit with half cone-beam geometry has been investigated. It can provide very good reconstruction if the X-ray source is far away from the object. For a relatively short distance between the source and the object for an improved spatial resolution, the circular orbit may not be an optimal choice. In this case, the portion far away from the circular orbit wouldn't be well reconstructed because of the missing of projection data in that region. In this work, we investigated five possible orbits, attempting to find an optimal orbit that can reconstruct satisfactorily the whole object with least projections (less radiation). The results showed that two near half-circular orbits may be a choice, one near the chest base and the other near the breast tip. The redundant samplings beyond 180/spl deg/ were eliminated by our algorithm, rendering very good reconstructions.Keywords:
Circular orbit
Orbit (dynamics)
The rendering of lines for 3D models is an important research topic in NPR(Non-Photorealistic Rendering). In line drawing, the use of loose style can help artists express their emotion and depict objects vividly. In this paper, we summarized the aesthetic factors of loose line style in two aspects: line thickness and line omission, and proposed a mathematical description for it. We also provided a real-time, temporal coherent rendering method for loose style lines. The subjective tests showed that our rendering results are sufficiently aesthetic pleasing.
Non-photorealistic rendering
Line drawings
Real-time rendering
3D rendering
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Objective : To evaluate the distributing and expression of insulin-like growth,factor-1 receptor of LN( - ) breast cancer, UN( + ) breast cancer and normal breast tissue. Methods: The IGF-1R expression on LN( - )breast cancer, LN( + ) breast cancer and normal breast tissue was tested by im-munohistochemistry. Results: The positive rateon LN( - ) breast cancer was 94.12%o(16/17), on LN/( + )breast cancer was 91.30%o(21/23) ,and on normal breast tissue was 58.33% (7/12) . The number of strongstein was 12 on LN( - )breast cancer(strong stein rayte70.59%) , and 8 on LN( + ) breast cancer(strong stein rate 34.78% ) . The positive rate on the LN( - )breast cancer and LN( + ) breast cancer was higer than it on the normal breast tissue( P 0.05) , the overexpression rate on the LN ( - ) breast cancer was higher than it on LN ( + ) breast cancer( P 0.05 ) . Conclusion : These data suggested that IGF-1R play an important role in pathogenesis and development of breast cancer. IGF-1R maybe a adjuvant indexfor diagnosing to breast cancer and estimating prognosis.
CA 15-3
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Between January 1987 and May 1988 a prospective study was carried out on 232 women with a palpable breast mass. They underwent physical examination, x-ray mammography and ultrasound mammography. The results of each study were interpreted independently by separate observers, and consensus was achieved. From all solid tumours histology was available. Compared to x-ray mammography, ultrasound mammography proved to be significantly (p < 0,025) more sensitive in diagnosing malignant palpable breast masses (98.7 % versus 86.8 %). However there was no statistical significant difference in specificity between ultrasound mammography and x-ray mammography. Using ultrasound mammography we classified 9 histological proven malignant tumours as such which were negative on plain x-ray mammography. Despite the good results of ultrasound mammography in diagnosing palpable breast lesions it can never replace x-ray mammography in cases of malignancy, because the results of ultrasound mammography with non-palpable synchronous tumours with or without microcalcifications are poor. In some cases of benign lesions diagnosed with ultrasound mammography no x-ray mammography is necessary.
Breast ultrasound
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We aimed to estimate the 15-year and lifetime risks of contralateral breast cancer in breast cancer patients according to the age of diagnosis of the first cancer and the history of breast cancer in the mother. The risks of contralateral breast cancer were estimated for all 78,775 breast cancer patients in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database (age at diagnosis of first breast cancer <70 years). The risk of experiencing a contralateral breast cancer within 15 years of diagnosis was 8.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.1-8.7%] for women with an unaffected mother, was 12% (95%CI: 11-13%) for a woman with a mother with unilateral breast cancer and was 13% (95%CI: 9.5-17%) for women with a mother with bilateral breast cancer. In early-onset diagnosed women (<50 years) with an unaffected mother, the risk of contralateral breast cancer until age 80 was 23% (95%CI: 20-26%) and for late-onset (50-69 years) diagnosed women it was 17% (95%CI: 14-21%). In a woman with a mother with an early-onset unilateral breast cancer, risk of contralateral breast cancer by age 80 was 35% (95%CI: 25-46%). Women with a mother with early-onset bilateral breast cancer had 31% (95%CI: 12-67%) lifetime risk of contralateral breast cancer. The risk of contralateral breast cancer is higher for daughters of breast cancer patients than for daughters of women without breast cancer. Maternal cancer history and age at onset of first breast cancer in women should be taken into account when counseling breast cancer patients about their risk of contralateral breast cancer.
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Abstract A brief introduction to the meaning of on-orbit services and research on space-based services is provided in this work. In the context of on-orbit service, the near-circular orbit is idealized as a disturbed circular orbit, and a general equation for the optimal maneuver of the near-circle orbit is presented. The examples of coplanar on-orbit services in low, medium and high orbits are analyzed respectively, and the best maneuvering scheme for orbit transfer is solved by special software. Further analysis of the impact of different heights of parking orbit on the optimal maneuvering scheme reveals that the closer parking orbit to the target orbit, the less energy is required for maneuvering, but the phase-modulation time and the transport capacity of the launch vehicle should be considered comprehensively.
Orbit (dynamics)
Circular orbit
Elliptic orbit
Orbital mechanics
Frozen orbit
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Neuroradiology
Breast imaging
Interventional radiology
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Білім берy қоғaмның экономикaлық дaмyының негізі, әлеyметтік тұрaқтылықтың фaкторлaрының бірі, хaлықтың рyхaни-aдaмгершілік әлеyетінің және интеллектyaлдық өсyінің қaйнaр көзі ретінде бaрлық yaқыттaрдa тaптырмaс құндылық болып есептеліп келеді. Aл қaзіргідей aдaм кaпитaлын қaлыптaстырy мен дaмытy мәселесін шешy негізгі міндет ретінде қaрaстырылaтын зaмaндa хaлықтың білімдік қaжеттіліктері өсіп, жоғaры, ортa aрнayлы, кәсіби қосымшa білім aлyғa үміткерлер сaны aртa түсyде. Бұғaн жayaп ретінде білім берy ұйымдaрының сaлaлaнyы aртып, әртүрлі типтегі оқy орындaрының сaны aртyдa, білім берyдің инфрaқұрылымы, бaсқaрy формaлaры, әдістемелік, ғылыми қызмет түрлері дaмyдa. Олaрды білім aлyшылaрдың жеке сұрaныстaры мен мүмкіндіктеріне бaғыттay күшейтілyде. Осығaн орaй білімнің сaпaсынa қойылaтын тaлaптaр aртып, бұл сaлaның әлеyметпен өзaрa әрекеттестігіне негізделген құрылымдық – қызметтік дaмyының көкейтестілігі aртyдa. Мaқaлaдa «серіктестік», «әлеyметтік серіктестік», «білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік» ұғым- дaрының мәні aшылып, олaрдың қaлыптaсy және дaмy үрдісіне шолy жaсaлaды, жоғaры оқy орындaрындa педaгогтaрды дaярлayдa әлеyметтік серіктестердің әлеyетін пaйдaлaнyдa бaсшылыққa aлынaтын ұстaнымдaр мен тиімді жолдaры сипaттaлaды. Түйін сөздер: серіктестік, әлеyметтік серіктестік, білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік, бірлескен әрекет ұстaнымдaры, әлеуметтік серіктестік әлеуеті. Обрaзовaние является основой экономического рaзвития обществa, одним из фaкторов социaль- ной стaбильности, источником дyховно-нрaвственного потенциaлa и интеллектyaльного ростa людей и во все временa считaлось незaменимой ценностью. И в нaстоящее время, когдa решение проблемы формировaния и рaзвития человеческого кaпитaлa рaссмaтривaется кaк основнaя зaдaчa, рaстyт обрaзовaтельные потребности людей, yвеличивaется количество желaющих полyчить высшее, среднее, специaльное, профессионaльное дополнительное обрaзовaние. В ответ нa это yсиливaется рaзветвленность обрaзовaтельных оргaнизaций, yвеличивaется количество обрaзовaтельных оргaни- зaций рaзличного типa, рaзвивaются инфрaстрyктyрa обрaзовaния, формы yпрaвления, методическaя и нayчнaя деятельность. Yсиливaется их ориентaция нa индивидyaльные потребности и возможности обyчaющихся. В связи с этим повышaются требовaния к кaчествy обрaзовaния, возрaстaет знaчение стрyктyрно-фyнкционaльного рaзвития этой сферы нa основе взaимодействия с обществом. В стaтье рaскрывaется знaчение понятий «пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии», рaссмaтривaется процесс их стaновления и рaзвития, описывaются рyко- водящие принципы и эффективные способы использовaния потенциaлa социaльных пaртнеров в подготовке педaгогических кaдров в высших yчебных зaведениях. Ключевые словa: партнерство, социaльное пaртнерство, социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии, принципы совместного действия, поненциал социального партнерство. Education is the basis of the economic development of society, one of the factors of social stability, a source of spiritual and moral potential and intellectual growth of people and has always been considered an irreplaceable value. And at the present time, when the solution of the problem of the formation and development of human capital is considered as the main task, the educational needs of people are growing, the number of people wishing to receive higher, secondary, special, professional additional education is increasing. In response to this, the branching of educational organizations is increasing, the number of educational organizations of various types is increasing, the infrastructure of education, forms of management, methodological and scientific activities are developing. Their focus on the individual needs and capabilities of students is increasing. In this regard, the requirements for the quality of education are increasing, the importance of the structural and functional development of this sphere on the basis of interaction with society is increasing. The article reveals the meaning of the concepts of "partnership", "social partnership", "social partnership in education", examines the process of their formation and development, describes the guidelines and effective ways to use the potential of social partners in the training of teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: partnership, social partnership, social partnership in education, principles of joint action, the potential of social partnership.
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The aim of this work is a quality imaging comparison of CR mammography images printed to film by a laser printer with screen‐film mammography. A Giotto and Elscintec dedicated mammography units with fully automatic exposure and a nominal large focal spot size of 0.3 mm were used for the image acquisition of phantoms in screen‐film mammography. Four CR mammography units from two different manufacturers and three dedicated x‐ray mammography units with fully automatic exposure and a nominal large focal spot size of 0.3 mm were used for the image acquisition of phantoms in CR mammography. The tests quality image included an assessment of system resolution, scoring phantom images, Artifacts, mean optical density and density difference (contrast). In this study, screen‐film mammography with a quality control program offers a significantly greater level of quality image relative to CR mammography images printed on film.
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OBJECTIVE. This study was performed to determine the rates and causes of disagreements in interpretation between full-field digital mammography and film-screen mammography in a diagnostic setting.
Digital Mammography
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[Purpose] To explore the influence of ultrasonography and mammography based on the women's age and breast cancer tumor size in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.[Methods] All patients were examined by ultrasonography and mammography in the same day.The lesion location,size and imaging features were recorded.Diagnosis was made independently by senior physician of ultrasound and radiography professional in the double blind manner.[Results] In 1 132 lesions of 1 090 cases,314 breast cancer lesions of 301 cases and 818 benign foci of 789 cases were confirmed by pathology.The sensitivity,specificity,false negative rate were 95.22%,65.16%,4.78% for ultrasonography and 90.13%,86.31%,9.87% for mammography,respectively.The differences between the ultrasonography and mammography were statistically significant(P 0.05).The sensitivity and specificity were 97.77% and 92.42% for joint ultrasonography and mammography.Mammography had a lower sensitivity than ultrasonography in women younger than 50 years,whereas the sensitivity of ultrasonography was similar to mammography in women older than 50 years.The sensitivity in the mass 6～10mm group was lowest for mammography that had significant difference compared with ultrasonography(P0.05).[Conclusions] The sensitivity of ultrasonography is greater than that of mammography in women younger than 50 years in breast cancer examination.Ultrasonography has a similar effect with mammography in women older than 50 years.The sensitivity was lowest for mammography in patients with the mass 6～10mm.
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