PROSPECTING CYANOBACTERIA-FORTIFIED COMPOSTS AS PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING AND BIOCONTROL AGENTS IN COTTON
Radha PrasannaSantosh BabuNgangom BidyaraniArun KumarS. TriveniD. MongaArup MukherjeeS. KranthiNandini Gokte‐NarkhedkarAnurup AdakKuldeep Singh YadavLata NainAnil Kumar Saxena
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SUMMARY The potential of cyanobacteria-based compost formulations was evaluated in cotton crop at two agro-ecological locations (Nagpur and Sirsa) as plant growth promoting (PGP) and biocontrol agents. Compost-based formulations fortified with Calothrix sp. or Anabaena sp. enhanced germination and fresh weight of plants, and microbiological activity by 10–15%, besides increased available nitrogen (by 20–50%) in soil at Nagpur. In the fungi-infected fields at Sirsa, Anabaena – T. viride biofilmed formulation performed the best, recording 11.1% lower plant mortality than commercial Trichoderma formulation. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the colonisation of inoculated cyanobacteria/biofilms on roots. Significant correlation between mortality, increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes and fresh weight of plant roots were recorded. Calothrix sp. and Anabaena sp. proved promising as both PGP and biocontrol agents, while biofilmed formulations substantially reduced mortality of cotton plants in sick plots. This study illustrates the promise of cyanobacteria as viable inoculation option for integrated nutrient and pest management strategies of cotton.Keywords:
Dry weight
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Highly disease resistance strains were screened by the method of confront control of edible mushroom strains and pathogenic fungistains,which laid the basis for the breeding for disease resistance of edible fungi.The results showed as follows.Among the tested 10 stains of Auricularia auricular-judae,the inhibiting rates of‘Jilin 2'on Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzianumand Penicilliumrespectively were 39%,44%,50%;the inhibiting rates of‘RH07'on Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzianumand Penicilliumrespectively were 40%,42%,50%.‘Jilin 2'and‘RH07'were higher inhibiting effect strains,and had significant difference(P0.05).Among the tested 5stains of Flammulina velutips,the inhibiting rates of ‘Pengzhaijin'on Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium respectively were 46%,50%,41%;‘Pengzhaijin'was the highest inhibiting effect strains,and had significant difference(P0.05).The inhibiting rates of‘Shenping 35'on Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium respectively were 47%,43%,53%;the inhibiting rates of‘Ping 108'on Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzianum and Penicilliumrespectively were 48%,40%,54%.‘Shenping 35'and‘Ping 108'were higher inhibiting effect strains,and had significant difference(P0.05).Three kinds of edible mushrooms all had no effect on Neurosporasp..The highly disease resistance strains can be the materials of breeding for disease resistance of edible fungi.It was confirmed the method of confront control was feasible as analysis of disease resistance.
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Trichoderma harzianum
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Trichoderma species were isolated to a depth of 100 cm in soil supporting a Douglas-fir stand in western Oregon. Isolation from Mueller-Durrell (M-D) tubes was rare below 33 cm in May and August and did not occur below 53 cm in November. Most common species were T. viride, T. hamatum, and T. polysporum. Trichoderma viride accounted for 72% of November isolates while T. hamatum dominated May (54%) and August (34%) isolates. Soil dilution plates from 25–30-cm depth produced only one colony of Trichoderma in nearly 2000 observations whereas it was isolated at a frequency of 10% from M-D tubes at that depth.
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The aim of this work is to select filamentous fungal strains isolated from saw dust, soil, and decaying wood with the potential to produce xylanase and cellulase enzymes. A total of 110 fungi were isolated. Fifty-seven (57) of these fungi were isolated from soil samples, 32 from sawdust, and 19 from decaying wood. Trichoderma and Aspergillus had the highest relative occurrence of 42.6% and 40.8%, respectively. Trichoderma viride Fd18 showed the highest specific activity of 1.30 U mg(-1) protein for xylanase, while the highest cellulase activity of 1.23 U mg(-1) was shown by Trichoderma sp. F4. The isolated fungi demonstrated potential for synthesizing the hydrolytic enzymes.
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The inhibition of Trichoderma on the antagonism of Fusarium pathogens was studied.The results were determined by using of confrontation strains with Trichoderma viride alone or combined with fungicides for some Fusarium pathogens.Confrontation between the cultures can be observed.In most cases,within 3 d after inoculation with Fusarium,Trichoderma viride could be contacted,and then covered or invasived into pathogen's colony,which inhibited or impeded their growth.Trichoderma combined with fungicides had a more effect than Trichoderma alone.
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Inhibition effect of two Trichoderma spp. on the pathogenic fungi of needle-cast of Pinus densiflora
The experiments of antagonism of two Trichoderma. spp.( Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum) against the pathogenic fungi of needle-cast of Pinus densiflora and the grow th-inhibition effects of the crude extracts of the tw o Trichoderma on the above fungi w ere made. The results show ed that in 72 hours,the inhibition rates of T. harzianum w ere 42. 86% on Lophodermium conigenum,48. 44% on L. nitens,and that of T. viride on Cyclaneusula minus w as 33. 33%. The inhibiting effects of the mixed medium method of the tw o Trichoderma crude extracts w ere better than that of plate method. And the inhibiting effect of the mixed medium method of T. viride crude extract w as the best: its inhibiting effect w as 64. 3% on L. conigenum,55. 42% on L. nitens and 61. 44% on C. minus.
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Trichoderma species were isolated to a depth of 100 cm in soil supporting a Douglas-fir stand in western Oregon. Isolation from Mueller-Durrell (M-D) tubes was rare below 33 cm in May and August and did not occur below 53 cm in November. Most common species were T. viride, T. hamatum, and T. polysporum. Trichoderma viride accounted for 72% of November isolates while T. hamatum dominated May (54%) and August (34%) isolates. Soil dilution plates from 25–30-cm depth produced only one colony of Trichoderma in nearly 2000 observations whereas it was isolated at a frequency of 10% from M-D tubes at that depth.
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In this paper, we researched the activity of the trichoderma viride and trichoderma koningi, and measure the enzyme activity of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and filter paper activity (FPA) of them. And then, mixed trichoderma viride and trichoderma koningi to determine the optimal conditions, which according to influence of the revolutions, the layer of gauze, temperature. It turned out that the effective conditions was: 150r/min of revolutions, 3 layers of gauze, two wafer with 2 cm in diam of inoculum size and 30°C.
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Trichoderma has been studied widely. It has been found to play a major role in agricultural production. Around the world scientists and farmers have taken advantage of this knowledge. It is reported to improve plant growth of many crops such as tomato, lettuce, maize, beans, cabbage sugarcane and many more crops. There are two broad categories where Trichoderma plays a major role which is its use as a biofertilizer as well as a biofungicide. Its use as a biofertilizer has been aggravated by its ability to produce volatile compounds, ability to solubilize phosphates making them available to the plant. Moreover, farmers use it as a biofertilizer because it improves the uptake of macro and micro nutrients by the plant. As a biofungicide, Trichoderma is not to control many pathogens from various crops. This includes the control of pathogens such as Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Phythium, Fusarium, Sclerotinia species and Galumannomyces. The mechanisms used by Trichoderma as a biofungicide includes, antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competitive advantage in the rhizosphere as well as priming of the crop self-defense mechanisms. The purpose of this book chapter is to highlight the importance of Trichoderma in agriculture as a biofertilizer and biofungicide.
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There is no doubt in the fact that preparations containing Trichoderma as the main component are currently a real alternative to synthetic agrochemicals as antagonists of soil-borne plant diseases and growth stimulators. The use of this kind of drugs does not always give sufficiently stable results. In addition, technological problems can often arise, which are associated with the short shelf life of liquid preparations based on Trichoderma. The use of the solid form of the drug often causes the problem of self-inhibition of conidia germination. And therefore a more careful calculation of the optimal dose for each specific strain is required. The development of multifunctional bio-preparations that are more stable in their effectiveness, especially preparations that include Trichoderma, is one of the most important tasks in the system of biotechnology development, which determined the relevance of the research. The aim of the work is to establish the optimal carrier for the immobilization of Trichoderma viride cells and the effect of immobilization on the stability of drugs. It has been experimentally established that the growth and development of the immobilized fungus Trichoderma viride is influenced by the nature and method of modification of the carrier. It was established that when the fungus immobilized on native and modified carriers (particle size 0.5 μm – 2.5 mm) was seeded on a sterile nutrient medium, a decrease in the growth rate of Trichoderma viride was found, compared to the control one where the native fungus was used. It has been proven that the optimal amount of grinding of both native and modified media is – 150 μm – 1.5 mm. It has been found that saponite modified with starch is the optimal carrier for Trichoderma viride immobilization. It has been proven that upon immobilization of the fungus Trichoderma viride, the latter becomes more resistant to the negative factors of the growth environment (antagonistic action of the natural conglomerate of microorganisms residing on spoiled alfalfa hay). Key words: fungi, cell immobilization, carriers, modified starch, humic acids, saponite, zeolite, zeolite-containing basalt tuff.
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Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma lignorum) is found to be a beneficial fungus parasitizing the sclerotia and mycelia of sclerotial fungi and often doing to death. The fungus is, on the other hand, a weak parasite to sweet potatoes and also a harmful one to depress the growth of various crops, but the detrimental effect is rather greater on pathogenic fungi than on crops. It seems to be quite hopeful to use Trichoderma as an agent for controlling biologically sclerotial diseases and other fungous ones.
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