Nitrogen Reserves, Spring Regrowth and Winter Survival of Field-grown Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Defoliated in the Autumn
Catherine DhontYves CastonguayPaul NadeauGilles BélangerR. DrapeauSerge LabergeJean‐Christophe AviceFrançois‐P. Chalifour
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• Aims The objective of the study was to characterize variations in proline, arginine, histidine, vegetative storage proteins, and cold-inducible gene expression in overwintering roots of field-grown alfalfa, in response to autumn defoliation, and in relation to spring regrowth and winter survival.Keywords:
Overwintering
Medicago sativa
The overwintering stage of Parocneria furva (Leech) in Hengyang, Hunan Province, is reported and its overwintering stages in other areas of China are discussed.The data proved that this insect pest overwintered as larvae which had finished embryonic development inside egg shells.
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Abstract A field study was conducted to determine the effect of overwintering time on the survival adult of Eurygaster testudinaria Geoffroy in Kufa/Najaf Governorate during the season 2019-2020. The results showed there is a difference in the survival rate of females and males according to the time of laying sunn pest in the overwintering site. The results showed the lowest survival rate for adults was in the first and second treatment of placing insects in overwintering site, and the maximum survival period for adults was three months. while the highest survival rate for females and males was 100 and 98% on the fourth treatment after a month of placing insects in overwintering site respectively, then this percentage gradually decreased until reached 77 and 66% at the end of January, respectively. The results also showed that the weight of sunn pest adults differed according to the date of entry the insect into overwintering site. The highest percentage of weight loss for females and males was 2.3,3.94% and 2.26,2.08% in the first and second treatment in May after a month from Putting insects in overwintering site respectively. The lowest percentage of weight loss was0.2 and 0.21% on the fourth treatment after a month of treatment, then this percentage gradually increased reached 3.22% at the end of January for females and 4.36% in December for males.
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The ecology of overwintering bean leaf beetles (BLB), Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), was studied from June 1981 until May 1983 at four locations in Louisiana to investigate the temporal patterns of movement into and out of overwintering habitats and the density and survival of overwintering populations. Adult BLB entered overwintering quarters from mid-July to early November. All BLB found initially in overwintering sites and thereafter were in diapause. Males entered first, then females. Emergence from overwintering habitats occurred from early March to late May. No BLB were found in overwintering habitats in June or most of July. In the 1981–1982 and 1982–1983 overwintering seasons, the mean peak populations per 2-m2 litter sample were 183 and 33, respectively. Approximately 50% mortality occurred from October to December and survival averaged 18 and 46% in 1981%1982 and 1982%1983, respectively.
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Litter
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Radio telemetry was used to track 16 adult Short-Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma hernandesi) to their individual overwintering sites on the Central Plains Experimental Range (CPER) in Weld County, Colorado. Above-ground habitat characteristics of overwintering sites and randomly selected points within the study area were assessed. All individuals entered overwintering between 29 August and 19 September with a mean estimated entrance date of 7 September. Arrival of the first subzero nighttime air temperatures occurred shortly thereafter on 16 September. No lizard left its normal area of use to overwinter, and there was no tendency to aggregate. Lizards did not necessarily overwinter on warmer south-facing slopes; the proportion of overwintering sites oriented southward (0.62) was not different from random. Most lizards (75%) selected overwintering sites in the banks of washes that had relatively steep slopes and at specific locations where substrate was relatively bare and penetrable. Overwintering sites also tended to have a greater coverage of Yucca glauca (0.02%) than the general study area (0.01%). Analyses of historical soil temperature data from the CPER revealed that lizards would have to overwinter at a subsoil depth of about 1 m to avoid freezing temperatures. Banks that contain suitable hibernation sites that are located within an individual's normal area of use may be the habitat feature most important to successful overwintering.
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Hibernation
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Overwintering populations of Culex pipiens, the principal enzootic vector of West Nile virus in the northeastern USA, were studied over 3 consecutive winters from 2006 to 2008, using mark-recapture techniques to determine when Cx. pipiens females began to disperse from overwintering hibernacula and how their survival influenced early season populations. In February of each year, Cx. pipiens were aspirated and marked using fluorescent powder; 4,067, 752, and 3,070 diapausing Cx. pipiens were marked in each successive year. Mosquitoes were then trapped from mid-April to early May of each year using 19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and 16 CDC gravid traps. A total of 348, 39, and 111 Culex mosquitoes were captured in the spring of 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively. The number of mosquitoes marked in overwintering habitats is generally positively correlated with the number of mosquitoes recaptured in the early spring (linear regression, R2 = 0.79, P = 0.04), yet results also suggest that seasonal variations beyond overwintering population size are likely important in determining the success of emergent populations. A single marked Cx. pipiens was captured in both 2006 and 2008. In 2006, the mosquito was captured 0.5 km from its overwintering site while in 2008 the mosquito was captured 0.3 km from its overwintering site. In all study years, mosquitoes consistently began exiting overwintering hibernacula the 3rd week of April, yet evidence of earlier exodus was observed in 2007, when outside temperatures were significantly higher in preceding days and months.
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Enzootic
Culex pipiens
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The supercooling point(SCP),the ability for survival under low temperature and overwintering of Colaphellus bowringi Baly were studied.The results showed that the SCP of adult reduced firstly and then ascended.The lowest SCP,-22.3℃,appeared in January.Lt_(50) and Lt_(95) were both shorten with decline of temperature.In the late period of overwintering,the mortality rate of adult reached 24.6%.
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The determinations of super-cooling ability and body' s water and fat contents of overwintering Hyphantria cunea pupae showed that during overwintering, the female and male H. cunea pupae had the similar change patterns in their cold-resistance ability, i.e., increased with decreasing air temperature, but their body's water and fat contents, super-cooling point (SCP), and freezing point (FP) differed at different overwintering stages. The SCP was significantly lower at pre- and mid-overwintering stages than at late-overwintering stage, while FP had less difference among the stages. The body's water content was significantly higher at mid-overwintering stage than at pre- and late-overwintering stages. Comparing with non-overwintering pupae, the overwintering pupae had significantly lower SCP and FP, but significantly higher body's water and total fat contents. Regression analysis showed that there was a negative relationship between the water content and the SCP of female and male pupae (P < 0.05).
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The exeperiment of spraying trace elements on Medicago sativa was carried out during growth.The results showed that spraying trace elements could remarkably increase crude fiber contents of Medicago sativa and significantly reduce crude fat,nitrogen-free extract and phosphorus contents of Medicago sativa.The crude protein contents of Medicago sativa was increased,and the crude ash contents of Medicago sativa was remarkably affected.
Medicago sativa
Medicago
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Using a mixed-effects model for 21 Eastern Box Turtles ( Terrapene carolina carolina (L., 1758)) over three winters in Maryland, USA, we demonstrate that overwintering-site temperature was mainly related to air temperature. After controlling for air temperature, between-year variation accounted for 7%, between-turtle variation accounted for 3%, and variation owing to age class accounted for 1% of the total variation in overwintering-site temperature. Turtles showed overwintering-site fidelity and the location of overwintering sites did not depend on sex or age. According to the developed function, air temperature would have to increase by 3 °C over the overwintering period to raise the temperature of overwintering sites by about 1 °C, assuming no changes in other environmental factors; this level of warming is not expected until 2070–2090 according to general climate circulation models.
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South carolina
Seasonality
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The fat content of Coleophora dahurica larva before and after overwintering was determined to find out the relationship between the nutrient condition of larva before overwintering and fat content and the influence of fat content of larva before overwintering on the initial population number after overwintering.
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