Local change of butterfly species in response to global warming and reforestation in Korea
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Abstract Background It is expected that the successful nationwide reforestation and global warming will greatly change the butterfly fauna in South Korea. We compared current data (2002 to 2007) regarding the abundance and presence of butterfly species at two sites in the central portion of the Korean Peninsula with similar data from the late 1950s and early 1970s for the same sites. The expected changes were documented by an abundance change of butterflies at the two study sites in a previous study. Using the same data, the most greatly changed species and the change of species presence were analyzed. Results Population changes of 99 butterfly species which occurred at both sites were significantly correlated between the two sites. The greatly increased species included three southern (S) species and one northern (N) species. However, the species showing great decline included five N species and no S species. Conclusions This change is consistent with the expectation of northward movement of butterfly species due to global warming. The current status of the greatly changed species is discussed along with other studies. The binary data (presence/absence) in the present study support the expected changes of butterfly species based on global warming and reforestation. The interactive effect of two environmental changes was also recognized, as well as the change of abundance in the previous study.Keywords:
Reforestation
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Global Change
During the last centuries, humans have transformed global ecosystems. With their temporal dimension, herbaria provide the otherwise scarce long-term data crucial for tracking ecological and evolutionary changes over this period of intense global change. The sheer size of herbaria, together with their increasing digitization and the possibility of sequencing DNA from the preserved plant material, makes them invaluable resources for understanding ecological and evolutionary species' responses to global environmental change. Following the chronology of global change, we highlight how herbaria can inform about long-term effects on plants of at least four of the main drivers of global change: pollution, habitat change, climate change and invasive species. We summarize how herbarium specimens so far have been used in global change research, discuss future opportunities and challenges posed by the nature of these data, and advocate for an intensified use of these 'windows into the past' for global change research and beyond.
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Global Change
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The research field on the earth environment changes related to human-nature interaction is developing rapidly.Some different concepts are addressed and evolved during the developing course of this research theme.Firstly,the concept of climate change was addressed in the early 20th century,and then,the concepts of global change,global environmental change and earth system science were developed in different fields and research groups.In general,these concepts have all focused on this largest issue in the modern society from different angles of review.Also,thy have different background,crossed fields,special research approaches.Based on an analysis of the history of this environmental issue and research activities,the significations of the four concepts are reviewed and compared.Global change research focuses on the earth environmental changes or the regional environmental changes that associate with global environment,which are driven by nature or human factors and directly or potentially influence the current or the future human life and development.Generally,global change can be used to cover and refer all the issues of this area.The research contents of climate change and global environmental change are generally included in global change studies.Climate change and global environmental change have special focuses with each other,and also there are some common parts for the two concepts.Climate change especially focus on the nature factors as a scientific concept,but recently,it is also widely used in the fields of international argument and climate policy as a public issue.Global environment change is often used in the area of active and passive human factors in the changes,and in some regions and groups,it is also referred to the general changes.Earth system science is an important theory,methods and resolution for the global change studies with a systematic thought.
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The paper reviewed firstly Global Change Open Science Conference 2001 held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and analyzed the important parts of the impact of human activities in the global change in various fields of the study of global change. Then, the author set forth the important direct of the study of land use/cover change and its impact on eco environment security in the study of global change and sustainable development in China, so as to reveal the driving force of land use change, ecologic affect of land cover change, and the mechanism of land use/cover pattern on the eco environmental security. With a view to the effect of the ecologic environment of China on the global change, under the condition of the eco environmental security of China, the spatial macro pattern has been reestablished.
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During the last centuries, humans have transformed global ecosystems. With their temporal dimension, herbaria provide the otherwise scarce long-term data crucial to track ecological and evolutionary changes over these centuries of global change. The sheer size of herbaria, together with their increasing digitization and the possibility of sequencing DNA from the preserved plant material, makes them invaluable resources to understand ecological and evolutionary species responses to global environmental change. Following the chronology of global change, we highlight how herbaria can inform about long-term effects on plants of at least four of the main drivers of global change: pollution, habitat change, climate change, and invasive species. We summarize how herbarium specimens so far have been used in global change research, discuss future opportunities and challenges posed by the nature of these data, and advocate for an intensified use of these 'windows into the past' for global change research and beyond.
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Abstract The emergence of land‐use and land‐cover change (LUCC) as one of the major themes within the global environmental change research community poses a series of difficult but not insurmountable problems. LUCC takes place incrementally through the operation of sets of human and biophysical forces largely specific to the locale in question, but cumulatively LUCC contributes significantly to global environmental change. Linking LUCC to global change requires the cooperation of the natural and social sciences to bridge the local to global dynamics involved. The International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme are undertaking the development of an international research project with such aims in mind. This project seeks to improve understanding of LUCC dynamics by balancing the need for a nuanced understanding at the local level with the need from improved regional and global LUCC models. The rudiments of this effort and some of problems confronting it are outlined here.
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Land Cover
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During the last centuries, humans have transformed global ecosystems. With their temporal dimension, herbaria provide the otherwise scarce long-term data crucial to track ecological and evolutionary changes over these centuries of global change. The sheer size of herbaria, together with their increasing digitization and the possibility of sequencing DNA from the preserved plant material, makes them invaluable resources to understand ecological and evolutionary species responses to global environmental change. Following the chronology of global change, we highlight how herbaria can inform about long-term effects on plants of at least four of the main drivers of global change: pollution, habitat change, climate change, and invasive species. We summarize how herbarium specimens so far have been used in global change research, discuss future opportunities and challenges posed by the nature of these data, and advocate for an intensified use of these 'windows into the past' for global change research and beyond.
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The paper reviewed several important issues related to global change research, including the components of global change, the advance in global change research and the new direction of global change research. The global change now refers not only to global climate change, but also to world population growth, atmospheric composition change, biogeochemical cycle change, land use and cover change, and loss of biodiversity, etc. The future global change research will center around the impact of global change on biodiversity, the effects of interaction among elevated CO 2, nutrient, temperature and water on ecosystem processes, the ecological studies of landscape level processes and human dimensions of global change.
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