External facial features modify the representation of internal facial features in the fusiform face area
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Face processing is mediated by a network involving multiple distributed areas in the brain, with the occipital face area (OFA), fusiform face area (FFA), and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) considered the core nodes of the network. Results suggest that OFA is primarily involved in early perception of facial features, FFA is mainly involved in the processing of the static aspects of faces, and pSTS is mainly involved in the processing of the dynamic aspects of faces. Based on these results, the first models of the neural basis of face processing posited that pSTS codes for expression and FFA codes for identity. Recently, several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the FFA is involved in the processing of facial expressions and recent models have posited that the FFA is involved in structural encoding of face expression. To mediate between these hypotheses, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) data from 19 patients with electrodes in the OFA, FFA, and/or pSTS during face expression perception. Using pattern classification techniques, our results confirmed the existence of facial expression encoding in the fusiform area. At the early stage of visual information processing (100-250 ms after stimulus onset), neural activity from posterior fusiform area contains facial expression information; and at the late stage of visual processing (250-450 ms after stimulus onset), neural activity from anterior fusiform area contains facial expression information. In addition, facial expression information is seen in OFA and pSTS at the early stage of the process. Notably, the effect size of fusiform encoding of facial expressions is much smaller than the encoding for facial identity. Taken together, these results suggest that fusiform activity may contribute to the representation of the structural difference between facial expressions, and the posterior and anterior fusiform are dynamically involved in distinct stages of facial information processing. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2017
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What role do external facial features (hair, moustaches, beards, etc.) play in face recognition? Many of us have experienced the difficulty of recognizing a friend or a colleague who had changed her hairstyle or had shaved his beard. Such a change seems like not just a change in the facial hair, but
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Converging evidence suggests that the fusiform gyrus is involved in the processing of both faces and words. We used fMRI to investigate the extent to which the representation of words and faces in this region of the brain is based on a common neural representation. In Experiment 1, a univariate analysis revealed regions in the fusiform gyrus that were only selective for faces and other regions that were only selective for words. However, we also found regions that showed both word-selective and face-selective responses, particularly in the left hemisphere. We then used a multivariate analysis to measure the pattern of response to faces and words. Despite the overlap in regional responses, we found distinct patterns of response to both faces and words in the left and right fusiform gyrus. In Experiment 2, fMR adaptation was used to determine whether information about familiar faces and names is integrated in the fusiform gyrus. Distinct regions of the fusiform gyrus showed adaptation to either familiar faces or familiar names. However, there was no adaptation to sequences of faces and names with the same identity. Taken together, these results provide evidence for distinct, but overlapping, neural representations for words and faces in the fusiform gyrus.
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Several brain regions have been linked to human face processing, most prominently the fusiform face area (FFA) in the fusiform gyrus. Dedicated architecture for face processing has also consistently been suggested by functional neuroimaging and single-unit recordings in primates. Faces are
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Abstract This paper reviews neuroimaging studies that investigated the brain activation involved in face perception and recognition, with a particular focus on activity measured in the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus ( STS ). Several lines of evidence suggest that a localized area in the fusiform gyrus (i.e., the fusiform face area; FFA ) is specialized for face processing; however, FFA activity is significantly modulated by the attention level of individuals and by the contextual information of stimuli. It is speculated that intensity differences between the eye region and other face areas may influence face‐recognition performance, indicating that the eye region plays a critical role in person identification. Moreover, STS activity is involved in the processing of eye gaze, expression, and speech production. A unique aspect of these stimuli is that the subject automatically expects their motion on presentation. Thus, STS activity may function to send facial information for further cognitive processing in response to perceived biological motion in the surrounding environment. The neuroimaging literature indicates the functional significance of both FFA and STS in face processing; however, the evidence for neural connectivity between the regions is limited, which suggests that these two sites play mutually independent roles in face perception and recognition.
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Museums and Heritage sites, by their very nature, deal exclusively with representation of identity among other things. For a society in transition like South Africa, which is in the process of emerging from a major human made catastrophe, it is even more important that as these sites represent identity they also help create a new national identity. One of the major ingredients will be memory.
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