Role of nasal muscles in nasal valve collapse
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This study was performed to determine the role of nasal muscle function in patients with dynamic or static nasal valve collapse by comparing the electromyographic activities of nasal muscles in healthy individuals.Cross-sectional clinical study.Tertiary referral center.Twenty adult patients with dynamic nasal valve collapse, 18 patients with unilateral static nasal valve stenosis (septum deviation), and 20 healthy adults were included in the study. The activity of their nasal muscles was measured by surface electromyography (EMG), and the results were compared for the patient and control groups.No abnormal finding was found in any of the nasal muscles of the control group. In the majority of patients with dynamic nasal valve pathology, statistically significant functional disorders were detected in the m dilator naris anterior and m nasalis transversalis muscles compared with the controls. During inspiration and expiration in patients with static nasal valve pathology, some revealed muscular abnormities during inspiration. Normal muscle activation was observed in all of the patients during expiration.Determination of agents involved in pathologies of the nasal valve region is necessary for planning appropriate treatment. The role of nasal muscles in dynamic nasal valve pathologies, which has not been previously recognized, should be considered. A more effective and adequate solution for the nasal sidewalls than static pathologies should be considered in these patients by taking into account the muscular activity disorders detected by EMG at the stage of surgical treatment.Keywords:
Expiration
Dilator
A new and safe oesophageal dilator, which eliminates most of the risks of known dilators, is described. The technique for its use is also described. A brief comparison with other dilators is made, and the satisfactory results of the new dilator are indicated.
Dilator
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Objective To study the treatment effect of self-made laryngeal dilator in treatment of traumatic laryngotracheal stenosis and investigate the dwell duration of the laryngeal dilator. Methods A total of 62 cases of traumatic laryngotracheal tenosis were divided into two groups, ie, first group (52 cases, treated with the laryngeal dilator for the first time) and second group ( 10 cases, treated with the laryngeal dilator again after the failure in the first operations). In laryngotrachectomy, scar tissue was resected as much as possible and the laryngeal dilator placed in laryngeal cavity. Results Cases in the first group were decannulated 9-12 months after operation and could breathe freely, speak well and work. Laryngotracheal tenosis recurred 3-4 months after decannulation in the cases in the second group that was treated with the laryngeal dilator again and decannulated successfully. During the stenting time, no serious complications such as airway obstruction happened. The follow-up for 1-10 years showed no laryngotracheal tenosis recurrence. Conclusions The laryngeal dilator is made simply and conveniently and can win satisfactory outcome in treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis without reject reaction. The stenting time should be more than 9-12 months.
Dilator
Laryngotracheal Stenosis
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to estimate the influence of the defects and deformities in the intranasal septum on the main functions of the nose and therefore on the state of the upper respiratory tract and the ears.A total of 180 patients suffering deformation of the nasal septum were available for the examination. The study included the evaluation of breath characteristics, excretory and inspiratory functions of the nose compared with control with the use of the conventional methods including rhinometry.The patients presenting with the defects and deformities in the intranasal septum were found to have nasal breathing problems, impaired sense of smell, disturbances of the excretory, inspiratory, air-transporting, and air-heating functions of the nose. Comparative analysis of laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, bronchial, and pulmonary disorders has demonstrated the significant differences in the frequency and duration of these diseases and in the efficacy of their treatment between the patients of the study and control groups. It is concluded that the early recovery of nasal functions, in the first place the respiratory one, is an important precondition for the efficacious prevention of various catarrhal and other laryngeal diseases of the larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and ears.
Respiratory tract
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Introduction Tumors of the nasal septum are rare. Those of the caudal septum can often be resected endoscopically without compromising the stability of the nose. As soon as the tumor infiltrates the skin of the nose a partial or complete ablatio nasi is the only surgical option. For tumors of the cranial nasal septum which compromise the stability of the nose without infiltrating the skin the open rhinoplasty approach could be an option for a save resection with simultaneous reconstruction of the nasal framework.
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The present study examined the cellular regulation of one of the pharyngeal dilator muscles, the geniohyoid, by assessing its motor unit (MU) behavior in anesthetized cats. During spontaneous breathing, MU that (a) were active during inspiration only (I-MU) and (b) were active during both inspiration and expiration (I/E-MU) were identified. I-MU had a later inspiratory onset time and a shorter duration of inspiratory firing than did I/E-MU (P less than 0.002 and P less than 0.0001, respectively). I-MU were usually quiescent whereas I/E-MU were usually active during the last 20% of inspiration. I/E-MU fired more rapidly (P less than 0.00001) and for relatively longer periods of time (P less than 0.00001) during inspiration than during expiration. End-expiratory airway occlusion (preventing lung expansion during inspiration) augmented the inspiratory activity of both I-MU and I/E-MU. Conversely, end-expiratory airway occlusion reduced the absolute and relative firing durations (P less than 0.002 and P less than 0.00002, respectively) and the firing frequency (P less than 0.001) of I/E-MU activity during expiration. These results indicate that (a) the complex pattern of pharyngeal dilator muscle activity is due to the integrated activity of a heterogeneous group of MU, (b) changes in the degree to which pharyngeal dilator muscles are active result from combinations of MU recruitment/decruitment and modulations of the frequency and duration of MU firing, and (c) gating of lung-volume afferent information occurs during the respiratory cycle.
Dilator
Expiration
Motor unit
Pharyngeal muscles
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هورمون 37 اسيد آمينه¬اي vessel dilator، متعلق به خانواده اي از هورمون¬هاي پپتيدي است که به صورت يک مولکول پيش ساز 126 اسيد آمينه¬اي proANP در قلب توليد مي گردد. قبلا، ديگر عضوهاي اين خانواده به ويژه هورمون پپتيدي BNP براي درمان بيماري نارسايي احتقاني قلب (يکي از بيماري¬هاي کشنده که شايع ترين علت بستري افراد بالا تر از 65 سال و پرهزينه ترين علت بستري در بيمارستان مي¬باشد ) تجويز مي¬شد که آثار جانبي بسياري را، روي انسان نشان داده است. مطالعات اخیر دانشمندان ثابت کرده استکه، هورمون پپتيدي vessel dilator داراي اثرات مفيد به مراتب بيشتری با پایداری بالاتردر طی زمان بوده و فاقد آثار جانبي BNP براي درمان اين بيماري مي باشد. از طرفی، نتايج مطالعات چند سال اخير به منظور بررسي تاثير اين هورمون پپتيدي در مهار توده هاي سرطاني در سرطان¬هاي سينه، تخمدان، لوزالمعده، سلول¬هاي سنگفرشي ريه، کليه و پروستات بسيار مهيج مي¬باشد. به نحوي که در بسياري از موارد، رشد سلول¬هاي سرطاني کاملا متوقف میشود. هم اکنون، مطالعات گسترده اي براي درک مکانيسم اثر اين هورمون براي مهار سلول¬هاي سرطاني در حال انجام است و به عنوان تحولی جدیددر درمان سرطان مطرح میشود. در حال حاضر يک شرکت آمريکايي در حال جمع آوري اعتبار براي آغاز آزمايشات باليني اين دارو روي بيماران مبتلا به سرطان مي¬باشد. با توجه به اهميت روز افزون دارويي پپتيد vessel dilator و با عنايت به اين مهم که هنوز هيچ گزارشي در منابع علمي مبني بر توليد تجاري و به ويژه توليد نوترکيب آن گزارش نشده است، اين پروژه با هدف توليد انبوه vessel dilator در باکتري E. coli تعريف مي¬گردد. لازم به ذکر است که سيستم بياني E. coli يکي از قوي ترين و به صرفه ترين سيستم ¬هاي بياني مي¬باشد که تا کنون شمار زيادي از پروتئين¬هاي دارويي مهم با استفاده از اين سيستم در دنيا توليد شده¬اند. در این پروژه، به منظور بيان نوترکيب مولکول پپتيدي vessel dilator ابتدا توالي DNA کد کننده 37 اسيدآمينه پپتید مربوطه با توجه به ساختار ثانويه mRNA ، بهينه سازي کدون¬ها و تعبیه جايگاه هاي برشي مناسب، طراحي و در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تکنيک¬هاي سنتز ژن ساخته ميشود. سپس قطعه ساخته شده در ناقل مناسب بياني، همسانه¬سازي شده و براي بيان پروتئين مورد نظر القاء مي¬گردد. در نهايت پروتين نوترکيب تولید شده با استفاده از سیستم کروماتوگرافی جذبی خالص¬سازي و صحت آن با استفاده از تکنيک¬هاي مناسب تائيد خواهد گشت.
هورمون 37 اسيد آمينه¬اي vessel dilator، متعلق به خانواده اي از هورمون¬هاي پپتيدي است که به صورت يک مولکول پيش ساز 126 اسيد آمينه¬اي proANP در قلب توليد مي گردد. قبلا، ديگر عضوهاي اين خانواده به ويژه هورمون پپتيدي BNP براي درمان بيماري نارسايي احتقاني قلب (يکي از بيماري¬هاي کشنده که شايع ترين علت بستري افراد بالا تر از 65 سال و پرهزينه ترين علت بستري در بيمارستان مي¬باشد ) تجويز مي¬شد که آثار جانبي بسياري را، روي انسان نشان داده است. مطالعات اخیر دانشمندان ثابت کرده استکه، هورمون پپتيدي vessel dilator داراي اثرات مفيد به مراتب بيشتری با پایداری بالاتردر طی زمان بوده و فاقد آثار جانبي BNP براي درمان اين بيماري مي باشد. از طرفی، نتايج مطالعات چند سال اخير به منظور بررسي تاثير اين هورمون پپتيدي در مهار توده هاي سرطاني در سرطان¬هاي سينه، تخمدان، لوزالمعده، سلول¬هاي سنگفرشي ريه، کليه و پروستات بسيار مهيج مي¬باشد. به نحوي که در بسياري از موارد، رشد سلول¬هاي سرطاني کاملا متوقف میشود. هم اکنون، مطالعات گسترده اي براي درک مکانيسم اثر اين هورمون براي مهار سلول¬هاي سرطاني در حال انجام است و به عنوان تحولی جدیددر درمان سرطان مطرح میشود. در حال حاضر يک شرکت آمريکايي در حال جمع آوري اعتبار براي آغاز آزمايشات باليني اين دارو روي بيماران مبتلا به سرطان مي¬باشد. با توجه به اهميت روز افزون دارويي پپتيد vessel dilator و با عنايت به اين مهم که هنوز هيچ گزارشي در منابع علمي مبني بر توليد تجاري و به ويژه توليد نوترکيب آن گزارش نشده است، اين پروژه با هدف توليد انبوه vessel dilator در باکتري E. coli تعريف مي¬گردد. لازم به ذکر است که سيستم بياني E. coli يکي از قوي ترين و به صرفه ترين سيستم ¬هاي بياني مي¬باشد که تا کنون شمار زيادي از پروتئين¬هاي دارويي مهم با استفاده از اين سيستم در دنيا توليد شده¬اند. در این پروژه، به منظور بيان نوترکيب مولکول پپتيدي vessel dilator ابتدا توالي DNA کد کننده 37 اسيدآمينه پپتید مربوطه با توجه به ساختار ثانويه mRNA ، بهينه سازي کدون¬ها و تعبیه جايگاه هاي برشي مناسب، طراحي و در مرحله بعد با استفاده از تکنيک¬هاي سنتز ژن ساخته ميشود. سپس قطعه ساخته شده در ناقل مناسب بياني، همسانه¬سازي شده و براي بيان پروتئين مورد نظر القاء مي¬گردد. در نهايت پروتين نوترکيب تولید شده با استفاده از سیستم کروماتوگرافی جذبی خالص¬سازي و صحت آن با استفاده از تکنيک¬هاي مناسب تائيد خواهد گشت.
Dilator
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Background/Aim. Nasal obstruction is one of the most frequent disorders because of which patients see their Ear, Nose and Throath (ENT) doctors. Impaired nose breathing is a subjective symptom and it often does not coincide with clinical nose findings and functional tests of breathing function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish if there is an accordance between a subjective nose breathing assessment and objective methods (rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry) in assessing nose breathing function in patients with diverse nasal septum deformity degrees, as well as to establish an accordance between these two objective methods. Methods. This study involved the total of 90 examinees divided into three groups. The group I consisted of examinees with nasal septum deformities less than 10?. The group II consisted of examinees with nasal septum deformities ranged from 10? to 15?. The group III involved examinees with nasal septum deformities over 15?. Each examinee had subjectively graded his/her nasal breathing on the side of the nose septum deformity from 0 to 10, and afterwards the whole noses. Rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry were done on the side of the nasal septum deformities and after that on the other side of the nose using the Interacoustics SRE 2000 device. Results. In the groups II and III there was a positive correlation between a subjective nose breathing assessment and rhinomanometric values both on the side of the nasal septum deformities and the nose as a whole, (p < 0.05), and no correlation between these traits in the group I (p > 0.05). In none of the examined groups correlation was found between a subjective nose breathing assessment and rhinometric values, both minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) and volume (VOL), both on the side of the nasal septum deformities and the nose as a whole (p > 0.05). There was no correlation found between rhinomanometric and rhinometric MCA and VOL values in either on the sides of nasal septum deformities or the nose as a whole in any of the examined groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Rhinomanometry significantly correlates with the subjective nose breathing assessment and it can be used as a reliable and objective indicator of nose breathing in everyday clinical practice. Acoustic rhinometry, on the other hand, which does not correlate with a subjective nose breathing assessment could have a greater significance in a scientific sense than in clinical applying.
Acoustic Rhinometry
Rhinomanometry
Mouth breathing
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Background/Aim. Nasal obstruction is one of the most frequent disorders because of which patients see their Ear, Nose and Throath (ENT) doctors. Impaired nose breath- ing is a subjective symptom and it often does not coincide with clinical nose findings and functional tests of breath- ing function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to es- tablish if there is an accordance between a subjective nose breathing assessment and objective methods (rhinoma- nometry and acoustic rhinometry) in assessing nose breathing function in patients with diverse nasal septum deformity degrees, as well as to establish an accordance between these two objective methods. Methods. This study involved the total of 90 examinees divided into three groups. The group I consisted of examinees with nasal septum deformities less than 10o. The group II consisted of examinees with nasal septum deformities ranged from 10o to 15o. The group III involved examinees with nasal septum deformities over 15o. Each examinee had subjec- tively graded his/her nasal breathing on the side of the nose septum deformity from 0 to 10, and afterwards the whole noses. Rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry were done on the side of the nasal septum deformities and after that on the other side of the nose using the Intera- coustics SRE 2000 device. Results. In the groups II and III there was a positive correlation between a subjective nose breathing assessment and rhinomanometric values both on the side of the nasal septum deformities and the nose as a whole, (p 0.05). In none of the exam- ined groups correlation was found between a subjective nose breathing assessment and rhinometric values, both minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) and volume (VOL), both on the side of the nasal septum deformities and the nose as a whole (p > 0.05). There was no correlation found between rhinomanometric and rhinometric MCA and VOL values in either on the sides of nasal septum deformities or the nose as a whole in any of the examined groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Rhinomanometry significantly correlates with the subjective nose breathing assessment and it can be used as a reliable and objective indicator of nose breathing in everyday clinical practice. Acoustic rhinometry, on the other hand, which does not correlate with a subjective nose breathing assessment could have a greater significance in a scientific sense than in clinical applying.
Acoustic Rhinometry
Rhinomanometry
Deviated nasal septum
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In 1000 healthy born neonates the nose and nasal septum were examined with special attention to injuries. Three types traumatic deformities of the nose and nasal septum were detected. The most frequent type were so-called flattened noses which, however, did not require treatment. More serious were subluxations of the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum or combined deformities in view of possible late sequelae. The authors emphasize the necessity of early diagnosis and early treatment which can be ensured only by close collaboration of the neonatologist and otolaryngologist.
Neonatology
Nose diseases
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The nasal septum plays an important role in both the appearance and function of the nose. Deviation of the nose is common and correction requires a focused, anatomically based treatment. Reconstruction and support of the septum is a necessary component to a straight nose. The "four R's" of nasal septal repair—resection, reposition, reconstruction, and replacement—can be used to straighten the septum and maximize nasal appearance and function.
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