Petrochemical effluent treatment using natural coagulants and an aerobic biofilter
Erick R. BandalaJuan Bernardo TiroMariana LujanFrancisco J. CamargoJosé Luis Sánchez‐SalasSilvia ReynaGabriela MöellerLuis G. Torres
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Coagulation-flocculation (CF) was tested coupled with an aerobic biofilter to reduce total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs) concentration and toxicity from petrochemical wastewater. The efficiency of the process was followed using turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The biofilter was packed with a basaltic waste (tezontle) and inoculated with a bacterial consortium. Toxicity test were carried out using Lactuca sativa var. capitata seeds. Best results for turbidity removal were obtained using alum. Considerable turbidity removal was obtained when using Opuntia spp. COD removal with alum was 25%, for Opuntia powder it was 36%. The application of the biofilter allowed the removal of 70% of the remaining TPHs after 30 days with a biodegradation rate (BDR) value 47 Keywords:
Biofilter
Turbidity
Alum
This study aimed to determine the effects of three different high molecular weight (HMW) flocculants (anionic, cationic and non-ionicflocculants) on the fine particles removal from natural stone (foid-bearing rock) processing plant wastewater at alkaline pH conditions.The test results were investigated in terms of turbidity values depending on pH of the medium, flocculant concentration and time (0–60min). According to the results obtained, the turbidity values of the wastewater in the absence of the flocculants were pH dependent anddecreased as the pH increased, resulted in the minimum turbidity values at pH 12. In the presence of the flocculants, the pH dependedturbidity removal efficiencies varied with flocculant type, flocculant concentration and time. The best results were obtained at highlyalkaline pH values (pH 12) with the turbidity removal efficiency of ≤99% in the presence of non-ionic flocculant. In the case of anionicand cationic flocculants, the minimum turbidity values were also obtained at pH 12 with turbidity removal efficiencies over 90%.
Turbidity
Cationic polymerization
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Coagulation-Flocculation plays a significant role in drinking water treatment. Laboratory experiments were carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of using Conocarpus Leaves Solution (CLS) as a natural coagulant in conjunction with the synthetic chemical represented by Alum in the water purification. Biological test was carried out to confirm that these leaves are not toxic, followed by optimizing the dosage of alum and then Alum and CLS were applied to the turbid water whose turbidity level has two ranges, (20 - 35) NTU and (90 - 120) NTU, using the JAR Test. The parameters determined before and after coagulation were turbidity, pH and temperature. The experiments showed that the optimum dose of alum coagulant (individually) for high turbid water is about 18 mg/l with PH = 7 and 24 mg/l f with PH = 5 and 9. In addition, for the low turbidity water, the optimum dose of alum was lower than in the high turbid water. In terms of using Alum in conjunction with CLS, at high range of turbidity, the results show that at 33% ratio of leaves solution to alum coagulant, there are 50% and 75% turbidity reduction performed for the PH equal to 5 and 9 respectively. Although about 62% and 65% turbidity reduction were achieved at PH = 7 and PH = 9 in the low range level. However, low reduction in turbidity has occurred when the water PH = 5. The amount of leaves solution added to the water in the water treatment plant is highly important, hence it decreases the amount of using the synthetic chemicals by about 33% of the quantity that required for water treatment and that will help both, the water industry and the human health. More studies need to be achieved in particular different concentration of the Conocarpus leaves solution in order to improve the percentage of using the natural material as a coagulant.
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Turbidity
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River water which is the raw material for drinking water contains certain levels of water quality, some of which are turbidity and pH. One step in processing river water into clean water is by eliminating water turbidity. Water turbidity can be removed by adding a chemical called a coagulant. Coagulant functions to bind particles or dirt contained in water into lumps that have a larger size so that it settles faster. One type of coagulant commonly used is aluminum sulfate or often called alum. This study aims to determine the optimum concentration of aluminum sulfate used in the process of purifying raw water and knowing whether the turbidity (turbidity) of water obtained after addition of alum meets drinking water quality standards. The method used to find the optimum dose is the Jar Test. Where the sample of raw water that has been put into a beaker glass is dropped alum with a concentration of 40 ppm, 42 ppm, 44 ppm, 46 ppm. Based on this research, the optimum concentration of alum was 44 ppm with turbidity of 2.45 - 3.81 NTU. Water turbidity at the optimum concentration of 44 ppm obtained after addition of alum meets drinking water quality standards based on Permenkes RI No. 492/MENKES/X/2010 that the maximum allowable level for physical parameters of turbidity is 5 NTU.
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Turbidity
Raw water
Aluminium sulfate
Dirt
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The efficiencies of turbidity removal of PDMDAAC flocculant series used to treat the test water of kaolinite have been studied. By the microelectrophoretic technique, the flocculation mechanism of PDMDAAC flocculant series is discussed. Their efficiencies of turbidity removal used with PAC have also been tested. The experimental results show that PDMDAAC flocculant series have excellent efficiencies of turbidity removal, especially to the water with high turbidity. The greater the intrinsic viscosity and cationicity of flocculants, the better the efficiency of turbidity removal. The flocculation mechanism of PDMDAAC flocculant series is the combination of charge neutralization and adsorption bridge formation. Used with PAC, PDMDAAC flocculant series can make the efficiency of turbidity removal better and lower the cost of treatment.
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Coagulation process is a most important part in the water treatment process. However, in the process of water treatment in water treatment plant Kandana, there is a problem on coagulation under higher and lower levels of turbidity using only Alum (Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O). This research study was conducted to improve coagulation process to increase the turbidity removal efficiency under higher (>80) and lower (<8) turbidity conditions. Therefore, the objectives of the study are, to study the proper coagulation process for low and very high turbidity levels in source water under the efficiency of Alum with anionic polymers (Polyacrylamide) and to study the efficiency of Alum with pre-lime (Calcium hydroxide) usage in the coagulation process. Water samples were collected from the intake when the turbidity level was high and low and sample size was 50 L per once. The average optimum Alum dose of the low turbidity levels was determined by conducting jar tests. Optimum Alum dose of the low turbidities was used to determine the optimum lime dose and the effective polymer adding method and the optimum polymer dose for the low turbidities. Chemical and physical parameters were tested for raw water samples and settled water samples. Above same procedure was conducted for the high turbidity samples. As conclusions, there was not a considerable difference of final turbidity among the addition of Alum only, addition of pre-lime with Alum and addition of polymer with Alum for low turbidity raw water. Therefore, adding polymer and pre-lime with Alum have not given an efficiency for the low turbidity raw water. According to the results of high turbidity raw waters there was a considerable difference of final turbidity among the addition of Alum only, addition of pre-lime and Alum and addition of polymer and Alum. Adding polymer and pre-lime with Alum is effective for high turbidity raw water. Adding polymers with Alum more effective than the adding pre-lime with Alum for high turbidity raw water. There was a considerable pH deference by lime and polymer coagulation in high turbidity raw water. Keywords: Turbidity, Raw water, Coagulation, Treatment, Jar test
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Raw water
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The research focuses on the use of ordinary and burnt alum to remove the light turbidity (10 NTU) and reduces the medium ones (75NTU) by adding of different doses of ordinary alum Al2(SO4)3.16H2O and compare the results with these obtained from the burned alum at varying temperatures (200, 300, 400, 500, 600) C0. Jar test is used to find the change in the water characteristics of turbidity, pH, EC at the conditions. The study revealed that 10mg/l of burnt alum at 200Co and more give, final turbidity of about (2NTU), while it gives NTU between (7-8) in the case of using ordinal alum in removing of the light turbidity of (10NTU). In the case of reduction of the medium turbidity it find that 10mg/l of burned alum at 200Co reduces the final turbidity to about (3NTU). It appears also that the alum consumption is about 14% in case of using burnt alum as compared with the ordinary alum especially in reducing of the medium turbidity to 5NTU. key word (burnt alum, remove the light turbidity, Jar test)
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Turbidity
Water consumption
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T his paper reports the potential of watermelon seed as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It was aimed at identifying watermelon seed as a possible replacement for alum and other synthetic polyelectrolytes in treating water. Laboratory scale studies using jar test experiments were performed on medium turbid water to determine the effect of dosage, pH stirring time and speed on coagulation. Results obtained showed that at dosage of 0.1g/L, pH of 7.0, stirring time of 8 minutes and mixing speed of 100rpm, optimal removal of turbidity was obtained. The reduction in turbidity was below the world health organizations (WHO) recommended value of 5NTU, however the best colour removal was not up to the WHO recommended value of 40TCU. When used in combination with alum, it caused unfavourable changes in the pH of the treated water howeverwith 20% alum as coagulant aid, the best colour and turbidity removal at acceptable pH was obtained, with residual turbidity of 0.89 NTU and residual colour of 15TCU at a pH of 6.50. The results showed that watermelon seed can be used as a natural coagulant for water treatment.
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Turbidity
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Abstract For turbidity removal, most drinking water treatment plants are using coagulants due to the presence of suspended and colloidal materials at the coagulation and flocculation units. Aluminium and sulphates salts are the widely used coagulants, such as aluminium sulphate (Alum) and ferric chloride. However, several researches have linked Alzheimer's disease to the use of aluminium sulphate. Hence, scholars have conducted several researches on the possibility to reduce the amount of aluminium sulphate by using natural material/plants base as coagulant aids. In this study, Mallow's Leaves Extracts (MLE) and Carob's Pods Extracts (CPE) were used as an alternative coagulant aid. Couples of coagulation tests were implemented to find the optimal dosage of aluminium sulphates used as coagulants. The results displayed that the maximum turbidity removal efficiency by adding 100% of each coagulant, i.e. alum, MLE and CPE, were 61.16, 51.175 and 37.12%, respectively. In addition, the minimum residual turbidity and maximum turbidity removal efficiency were 4.56 NTU and 97.72% by adding 22.5 alum and 7.5 MLE presenting 30 mg/L dosing. Further, the minimum residual turbidity and maximum turbidity removal efficiency were 15.4 NTU and 92.3% by adding 22.5 alum and 7.5 CPE presenting 30 mg/L dosing.
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Turbidity
Aluminium sulfate
Aluminium chloride
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Abstract The specific focus of this study was on the effects of flocculation duration, intensity, and scheme (i.e., single or multistage) on floc formation (time and size) and treated turbidity (settled and filtered). The results showed that floc formation times were 2–8 times longer under charge neutralization conditions compared with sweep flocculation conditions for the low‐turbidity and low‐organics water studied. Settled turbidity removals were dependent on the applied mixing conditions. Filtered turbidity was found to be independent of the investigated flocculation conditions, which calls into question the true value of mixing conditions with substantial implications on facility design, operation, and regulation. While at least 9 min of flocculation time was necessary under some coagulation conditions, the intensity and scheme of flocculation were not critical to overall treatment efficiency under the studied conditions. These findings might offer potential savings to water utilities in terms of design, construction, operation, and maintenance costs.
Turbidity
Intensity
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Coagulation is a primary and cost effective process in water treatment plants. Under optimum conditions, not only it effectively removes turbidity but also results in reduced sludge volume and subsequently minimizes sludge management costs. Highly turbid water from streams, canals, rivers and rain run offs was run through jar test for turbidity removal. The brown water with 250NTU turbidity when coagulated with alum and assorted coagulants proved that maximum turbidity removal was witnessed using alum dose of 0.25 g/l at ph 6 with a sedimentation time of 30 min.
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Turbidity
Sedimentation
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