Studies on the .ALPHA.-glucoside hydrolase inhibitor, adiposin. IV. Effect of adiposin on intestinal digestion of carbohydrates in experimental animals.
Shinjuro NamikiKunio KangouriTakatoshi NagateHiroshi HaraKazuhiko SugitaK NodaYasuo TarumotoSADAFUMI OMURA
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Keywords:
Glucoside
Alpha-glucosidase
Digestion
Alpha (finance)
Hydrolase
Simbiotic digestion takes the important place in the digestive conveyor of the of human gut. It is carried out numerous lumen and mucosal microflora providing variety nutrients. Simbiotic digestion as well as own digestion, begins in a mouth. Most the great value has this type of digestion in small gut and, especially, large gutdigestion as in ileum to a bowel practically there is no own digestion. Simbiotic digestion at the human joins in mechanisms of own digestion, supplementing and expanding processes of digestion and absorb food substances. Results of research expand representations about digestive process in a human body and allow to allocate 4 stages in its mechanisms: lumen simbiotic digestion – mucosal simbiotic digestion membrane digestion absorbtion. The scheme of the digestive conveyor of the human gut taking into account own and simbiotic digestion is offered and new ways to studying of this problem are planned.
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A review of carbohydrate digestion in the pig is given. The cascade of digestion in the mouth, stomach, small and large intestine is described. Principles of enzymatic and fermentative digestion according to new results with fistulated animals are discussed. The efficacy and quality of fermentation in the large intestine depending on level and quality of carbohydrates in the diet are demonstrated. Some aspects of energetical efficacy of hindgut digestion are discussed. Dietetic effects of carbohydrates are described.
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A mathematical model can serve as a useful reference for describing the mechanisms involved in digestion and for discussing the factors that influence the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. Ruminal digestion can be divided into four components: digestion rate, digestion lag, potential extent of digestion, and passage rate. Each component affects the apparent extent of digestion in a distinct manner and is influenced by separate factors. Digestion rate is directly related to apparent extent of digestion. It is not influenced by chemical entities presently being measured, but may be related to the morphological, crystalline, or physical nature of fiber. It may also be influenced by factors that inhibit or stimulate ruman microbial growth and their fiber-degrading enzymes. Digestion lag is inversely related to apparent extent of digestion; however, factors influencing it are poorly defined. The may include factors affecting microbial populations and their attachment to fiber prior to digestion; or the digestion lag may be related to the chemical or physical alteration of fiber that must occur before digestion can begin. The potential extent of digestion is directly related to apparent extent of digestion and is influenced by plant fiber composition, primarily. Lignin, and possibly silica, functions to limit the potential extent of digestion. Rate of passage essentially competes with rate of digestion for fiber particles as they pass through the rumen; therefore it is inversely related to the apparent extent of digestion. Passage rate is associated with feed intake level and particle size, although other factors such as type of diet and animal physiology may be important.
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The polyphenol and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant activity were determined during in vitro simulated digestion of three wheat varieties(AK58, xinong979, yangmai16). The results showed that enzymes had a significant effect on the release of polyphenols during the simulated digestion. The maximum release amount was 3.04~3.14 times that of 0~h stomach digestion, while the maximum release of intestinal digestion was 5.24~5.94 times that of 0~h stomach digestion and 1.77~1.94 times 0~h intestinal digestion. Stomach acid and enzymes had significant effects on the release of flavonoids. The maximum release during stomach digestion was 1.72~1.94 times of 0 h stomach digestion, while the maximum release during intestinal digestion was 2.34~3.14 times of 0 h stomach digestion and 1.57~1.71 times of 0 h intestinal digestion. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) of the wheat flour significantly increased during the digestion. The strongest ORAC during stomach digestion was 2.14~3.92 times that of 0 h stomach digestion, while that of intestinal digestion was 7.19~10.18 times that of 0 h stomach digestion and was 2.72~3.24 times that of 0 h intestinal digestion. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the release of polyphenols(rs=0.90-0.99,p0.01).
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Alpha-glucosidase
Mannosidase
Alpha-galactosidase
Glucosidases
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Hydrolase
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Moiety
Polyphosphate
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Objective: Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur & Schinz (Poaceae), a perennial grass used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases including diabetes was evaluated for effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes.Materials and methods: The leaf fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, 200 mg/kg) of Setaria megaphylla in vivo were evaluated for inhibitory effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes using starch, sucrose and maltose as substrates.Acarbose was used as referenced drug.The leaf fractions Results: caused significant (p<0.05)reduction in blood glucose levels of treated with the various substrates used.-hexane n fraction exerted the highest inhibitory effect when starch and sucrose were used as substrates followed by methanol.Methanol was the most active fraction followed by hexane when maltose was used as substrate.The results suggest that the leaf fractions of have the potentials to inhibit alpha amylase and glucosidases in rats.S.
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Alpha-amylase
Alpha-glucosidase
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Take Mantichorula semenowi as the example,the results for dry cinefaction,acid digestion and cinefaction-digestion alternate approach pretreat the insect respectively were compared.The results showed that cinefaction-digestion alternate approach had the merits of high accuracy,short processing time,low sample blank,little amount of adding acid,few digestion times,better effects of disposing sample.
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Cyclic maltosyl-maltose [CMM, cyclo-[-->6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->]], a novel cyclic tetrasaccharide, has a unique structure. Its four glucose residues are joined by alternate alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages. CMM is synthesized from starch by the action of 6-alpha-maltosyltransferase from Arthrobacter globiformis M6. Recently, we determined the mechanism of extracellular synthesis of CMM, but the degrading pathway of the saccharide remains unknown. Hence we tried to identify the enzymes involved in the degradation of CMM to glucose from the cell-free extract of the strain, and identified CMM hydrolase (CMMase) and alpha-glucosidase as the responsible enzymes. The molecular mass of CMMase was determined to be 48.6 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and 136 kDa by gel filtration column chromatography. The optimal pH and temperature for CMMase activity were 6.5 and 30 degrees C. The enzyme remained stable from pH 5.5 to 8.0 and up to 25 degrees C. CMMase hydrolyzed CMM to maltose via maltosyl-maltose as intermediates, but it did not hydrolyze CMM to glucose, suggesting that it is a novel hydrolase that hydrolyzes the alpha-1,6-linkage of CMM. The molecular mass of alpha-glucosidase was determined to be 60.1 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 69.5 kDa by gel filtration column chromatography. The optimal pH and temperature for alpha-glucosidase activity were 7.0 and 35 degrees C. The enzyme remained stable from pH 7.0 to 9.5 and up to 35 degrees C. alpha-Glucosidase degraded maltosyl-maltose to glucose via panose and maltose as intermediates, but it did not degrade CMM. Furthermore, when CMMase and alpha-glucosidase existed simultaneously in a reaction mixture containing CMM, glucose was detected as the final product. It was found that CMM was degraded to glucose by the synergistic action of CMMase and alpha-glucosidase.
Hydrolase
Strain (injury)
Arthrobacter
Alpha-glucosidase
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ABSTRACT ℓ-Menthyl-6′-O-acetyl-β-D-glucoside has been isolated and characterized as a new constituent of a leaf extract of "Wasenami," a Japanese cultivar of Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv. Its structure was confirmed by 13C-NMR. β-Sitosteryl-β-D-glucoside and ℓ-menthyl-β-D-glucoside were also isolated and characterized along with the 6′-O-acetyl derivative.
Glucoside
Monoterpene
Mentha arvensis
Derivative (finance)
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