Estrogen Antagonist and Development of Macular Hole
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To describe the clinical and optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of a macular hole (MH) or its precursor lesion in patients treated with systemic antiestrogen agents.We reviewed the medical history of the patient, ophthalmic examination, and both fundus and OCT findings.Three female patients receiving antiestrogen therapy sought treatment for visual disturbance.All of the patients showed foveal cystic changes with outer retinal defect upon OCT.Visual improvement was achieved through surgery for the treatment of MH in two patients.Antiestrogen therapy may result in MH or its precursor lesion, in addition to perifoveal refractile deposits.OCT examination would be helpful for early detection in such cases.Keywords:
Fundus (uterus)
Antiestrogen
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An experiment is reported in which participants read sequences of five words, looking for items describing articles of clothing. The third and fourth words in critical sequences were defined as "foveal" and "parafoveal" words, respectively. The length and frequency of foveal words and the length, frequency, and initial-letter constraint of parafoveal words were manipulated. Gaze and refixation rate on the foveal word were measured as a function of properties of the parafoveal word. The results show that measured gaze on a given foveal word is systematically modulated by properties of an unfixated parafoveal word. It is suggested that apparent inconsistencies in previous studies of parafoveal-on-foveal effects relate to a failure to control for foveal word length and hence the visibility of parafoveal words. A serial-sequential attention-switching model of eye movement control cannot account for the pattern of obtained effects. The data are also incompatible with various forms of parallel-processing model. They are best accounted for by postulating a process-monitoring mechanism, sensitive to the simultaneous rate of acquisition of information from foveal and parafoveal sources.
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To use spectral domain optical coherence tomography-guided duration of facedown positioning to study anatomical macular hole closure rates.Retrospective review of patients with macular holes undergoing 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular gas tamponade. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging was done on postoperative Day 1. Patients remained facedown for 2 more days if the macular hole was closed or 6 more days facedown if the macular hole was open or indeterminate.There were 8 Stage 2, 12 Stage 3, and 12 Stage 4 macular holes. On postoperative Day 1, 24 holes were closed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and instructed to remain facedown for two more days. Twenty-three of 24 holes remained closed during the postoperative period. Eight holes were open or indeterminate on postoperative Day 1 and remained facedown for 6 more days. Six of 8 holes (75%) were closed at their last follow-up. The overall closure rate was 29/32 (90.6%). Average follow-up was 334 days.Confirming early closure of macular holes with spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging can serve as an important guide to significantly shorten the duration of prone positioning while maintaining high closure rates.
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Significance When subjects were asked to discriminate objects in the periphery, foveal visual noise presented at precise time windows following the peripheral object onset disrupted their performance. Further, this effect of foveal noise depends on task demand and stimulus features and primarily occurs for object tasks that involve spatial details. The time window, during which the noise is effective, can be shifted based on the amount of preprocessing of the peripheral objects, revealing the operation of temporally flexible feedback processing in the foveal cortex for peripheral object recognition.
Stimulus (psychology)
Fovea centralis
Peripheral vision
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A previous study by Williams et al. (2008) provided evidence for a novel form of feedback in the visual system, whereby peripheral information is contained in foveal retinotopic cortex. Beyond its possible implication for peripheral object recognition, few studies have examined the effect of a direct behavioral manipulation of the foveal feedback representation. To address this question, we measured participants' peripheral visual discrimination performance while modulating their foveal representation in a series of psychophysical experiments. On each trial, participants discriminated the identities of briefly presented novel, three-dimensional objects or the orientations of gratings in a peripheral location while fixating at the center. Besides the peripheral target, another stimulus (foil) was also presented and masked at the fovea. Our results showed that for objects, when the foveal foil that was identical to the peripheral target was presented 150 ms after the onset of the peripheral target, visual discrimination of the peripheral target was improved. This congruency effect occurred even though participants did not consciously perceive the foveal stimulus. No such effect was observed when the foveal foil was presented simultaneously with the peripheral target, or when the foil was presented in a parafoveal location. The foil effect in gratings was different from that in objects in terms of its effective timing and foveal specificity, suggesting that foveal feedback may be specific to high-level objects. These results indicate that modulating foveal information can affect individuals' ability to discriminate peripheral objects, suggesting a functional role of foveal representations in peripheral visual perception.
Stimulus (psychology)
Peripheral vision
Afterimage
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Visual processing varies dramatically across the visual field. These differences start in the retina and continue all the way to the visual cortex. Despite these differences in processing, the perceptual experience of humans is remarkably stable and continuous across the visual field. Research in the last decade has shown that processing in peripheral and foveal vision is not independent, but is more directly connected than previously thought. We address three core questions on how peripheral and foveal vision interact, and review recent findings on potentially related phenomena that could provide answers to these questions. First, how is the processing of peripheral and foveal signals related during fixation? Peripheral signals seem to be processed in foveal retinotopic areas to facilitate peripheral object recognition, and foveal information seems to be extrapolated toward the periphery to generate a homogeneous representation of the environment. Second, how are peripheral and foveal signals re-calibrated? Transsaccadic changes in object features lead to a reduction in the discrepancy between peripheral and foveal appearance. Third, how is peripheral and foveal information stitched together across saccades? Peripheral and foveal signals are integrated across saccadic eye movements to average percepts and to reduce uncertainty. Together, these findings illustrate that peripheral and foveal processing are closely connected, mastering the compromise between a large peripheral visual field and high resolution at the fovea.
Peripheral vision
Microsaccade
Fovea centralis
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We previously reported large-scale reorganization of visual processing (i.e., activation of “foveal” cortex by peripheral stimuli) in six individuals with extensive retinal lesions, and complete loss of foveal input from macular degeneration (MD) (Dilks et al., 2009; Baker et al., 2008; Baker et al., 2005). However, we found no evidence for such reorganization in two other MD individuals with extensive retinal lesions but some foveal sparing (Baker et al., 2007), and hypothesized that large-scale reorganization of visual processing is dependent on complete foveal loss of input from MD. Here we applied the strongest test of this hypothesis: we investigated one of the MD individuals, who originally had some foveal sparing and exhibited no reorganization, but now has lost all foveal function. We predicted that if reorganization of visual processing arises only in MD individuals with complete foveal vision loss, then we will see reorganization in this individual only after losing all foveal function, and not before. Indeed, we found reorganization in the same individual only after complete foveal vision loss. We conclude that large-scale reorganization of visual processing occurs only in the complete absence of functional foveal vision in individuals with MD.
Fovea centralis
Peripheral vision
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This paper describes driving simulation studies of the effects of foveal search task demands and target visibility (contrast) upon detection of passing highway vehicles in the visual periphery. Visual scenes of freeway driving were simulated to cover a horizontal visual field of 100 degrees from the fixation point. A foveal task requiring different levels of visual search activity was provided. Ten subjects (6 young and 4 aged) were tested. For each subject, baseline data such as the normal visual field, threshold for visibility for stationary targets in the periphery and critical performance level on the foveal search task were gathered. Experiments were conducted to test the effect of three levels of foveal search task and three levels of target visibility on the peripheral detection angle of the subjects. Data on error rate and response times in the foveal task were also analysed. The results show that the foveal task loads simulating active search within a foveal region of 6 x 3 degrees do not seem to have an appreciable effect upon the detection of vehicles passing from behind. Target visibility was found to affect the peripheral detection angle more than any other variable. (a) Paper presented at the 7th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association held in Warsaw 27-31 August 1979. (TRRL)
Visibility
Visual Search
Peripheral vision
Driving simulator
Visual angle
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Disentangling the cellular anatomy that gives rise to human visual perception is one of the main challenges of ophthalmology. Of particular interest is the foveal pit, a concave depression located at the center of the retina that captures light from the gaze center. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the morphology of the foveal pit by extracting geometrical features from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Despite this, research has devoted little attention to comparing existing approaches for two key methodological steps: the location of the foveal center and the mathematical modelling of the foveal pit. Building upon a dataset of 185 healthy subjects imaged twice, in the present paper the image alignment accuracy of four different foveal center location methods is studied in the first place. Secondly, state-of-the-art foveal pit mathematical models are compared in terms of fitting error, repeatability, and bias. The results indicate the importance of using a robust foveal center location method to align images. Moreover, we show that foveal pit models can improve the agreement between different acquisition protocols. Nevertheless, they can also introduce important biases in the parameter estimates that should be considered.
Microsaccade
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A previous study showed a novel form of feedback in the visual system – foveal retinotopic cortex conveys information about stimuli presented in the periphery (Williams et al., 2008). However, the behavioral relevance of this feedback representation remains unclear – does it provide a benefit to processing of the peripheral stimuli? To address this question, we measured subjects’ visual discrimination performance in the periphery while interrupting foveal representation. During each trial, subjects reported the orientation of a grating (left-tilted or right-tilted) briefly presented in a peripheral location while fixating at the center. At the same time, another grating with the same orientation as, or different orientation from, the peripheral target grating was briefly presented at the fovea and masked (to render it invisible). When the foveal grating’s orientation differed from that of the peripheral grating, subjects showed impaired visual discrimination in the periphery, compared with when the two gratings’ orientation matched each other. This occurred even though subjects did not consciously perceive the foveal grating. These results indicate that interrupting foveal feedback information can impair our ability to discriminate peripheral visual stimuli, suggesting functional significance of foveal feedback representation. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2012
Peripheral vision
Representation
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