Comparison of automated and manual purification of total RNA for mRNA-based identification of body fluids
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Abstract The original single‐step method is the first procedure to isolate purified total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from a variety of sources including tissues and cells from human, animal, plant, yeast, bacterial and viral origins, without the requirement of high‐speed ultracentrifugation. This method is based on liquid‐phase separation resulting in sequestration of pure RNA into the aqueous phase. RNA is precipitated from the aqueous phase, dissolved, reprecipitated and washed with alcohol before the final solubilisation step. The entire procedure can be completed in less than 4 h and it provides RNA that is suitable for many sensitive downstream applications such as RNase protection assays, northern blotting, RNA sequencing studies and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. This pioneering methodology has served as the impetus for the development of newer and improved RNA extraction methodology that now enables investigators to extract and purify RNA in less than 60 min. Some of these newer methods do not require a halogenated organic solvent, or combine the single‐step method with column purification of the RNA. Key Concepts Enzymes within living cells rapidly degrade RNA after a tissue sample is removed from the donor. To prevent RNA degradation, tissue samples that cannot be immediately processed must be rapidly frozen with dry ice or liquid nitrogen and stored frozen at −80°C until the RNA can be extracted. At the time of RNA extraction, frozen cells or tissues must be immersed in the denaturing solution and rapidly homogenised before the tissue thaws in order to inactivate RNAse and avoid RNA degradation. The quality of the recovered RNA is dependent on a delicate balance of salt concentration and optimal pH. Overloading the extraction solution with too much tissue or diluting the denaturing solution beyond what is specified in the protocol will impact the quality of the resulting RNA. The extraction of RNA from samples that have a high buffering capacity, such as blood, plasma or tissue culture medium, requires greater care in order to maintain optimal salt balance and pH control. Overdrying of the RNA pellets will degrade RNA and impede RNA solubilisation. RNA should be solubilised at a concentration that will be appropriate for meaningful spectrophotometric quantitation as well as subsequent downstream molecular biology applications. Enzymes that are involved in RNA degradation are ubiquitous and special care must be taken to avoid RNAse contamination during RNA solubilisation and storage.
Nuclease protection assay
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RNA quality and quantity are important factors for ensuring the accuracy of gene expression analysis and other RNA-based downstream applications. Thus far, only a limited number of methodological studies have compared sample storage and RNA extraction procedures for human cells. We compared three commercially available RNA extraction kits, i.e., (NucliSENS) easyMAG, RNeasy (Mini Kit) and RiboPure (RNA Purification Kit–blood). In addition, additional conditions, such as storage medium and storage temperature of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated, i.e., 4 °C for RNAlater or -80 °C for QIAzol and for the respective cognate lysis buffers; easyMAG, RNeasy or RiboPure. RNA was extracted from aliquots that had been stored for one day (Run 1) or 83 days (Run 2). After DNase treatment, quantity and quality of RNA were assessed by means of a NanoDrop spectrophotometer, 2100 Bioanalyzer and RT-qPCR for the ACTB reference gene. We observed that high-quality RNA can be obtained using RNeasy and RiboPure, regardless of the storage medium, whereas samples stored in RNAlater resulted in the least amount of RNA extracted. In addition, RiboPure combined with storage of samples in its cognate lysis buffer yielded twice as much RNA as all other procedures. These results were supported by RT-qPCR and by the reproducibility observed for two independent extraction runs.
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Abstract The original single‐step method is the first procedure to isolate purified total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from a variety of sources including tissues and cells from human, animal, plant, yeast, bacterial and viral origins, without the requirement of high‐speed ultracentrifugation. The method is based on liquid‐phase separation resulting in sequestration of pure RNA into the aqueous phase. RNA is precipitated from the aqueous phase, dissolved, reprecipitated and washed with alcohol before the final solubilisation step. The entire procedure can be completed in less than 4 h and it provides RNA that is suitable for many sensitive downstream applications such as RNase protection assays, northern blotting, sequencing studies and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. This pioneering methodology has served as the impetus for the development of newer and improved RNA extraction methodology that now enable investigators to extract and purify RNA in less than 60 min. Key Concepts: Enzymes within living cells rapidly degrade RNA after a tissue sample is removed from the donor. To prevent RNA degradation, tissue samples that cannot be immediately processed must be rapidly frozen with dry ice or liquid nitrogen and stored frozen at −80 °C until the RNA can be extracted. At the time of RNA extraction, frozen cells or tissues must be immersed in the denaturing solution and rapidly homogenised before the tissue thaws in order to inactivate RNAse and avoid RNA degradation. The quality of the recovered RNA is dependent on a delicate balance of salt concentration and optimal pH. Overloading the extraction solution with too much tissue or diluting the denaturing solution beyond what is specified in the protocol will impact the quality of the resulting RNA. The extraction of RNA from samples that have a high buffering capacity, such as blood, plasma or tissue culture medium, requires greater care in order to maintain optimal salt balance and pH control. Overdrying of the RNA pellets will impede RNA solubilisation. RNA should be solubilised at a concentration that will be appropriate for meaningful spectrophotometric quantitation as well as subsequent downstream molecular biology applications. Enzymes that are involved in RNA degradation are ubiquitous and special care must be taken to avoid RNAse contamination during RNA solubilisation and storage.
Nuclease protection assay
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Screening of total RNA extraction methods for RNA-sequences from different organs in Ziziphus jujuba
In order to obtain the methods for high-quality total RNA extraction from flower, fruit bearing branch and fruit in Ziziphus jujuba, taking Z. jujuba cv. ‘Zhongqiusucui' as materials, and the RNA extraction effects were compared using two kinds of total RNA extraction kits(Ambiogen and Autolab) and modified CTAB method based on the Autolab RNA extraction kit. The results showed that OD260/OD280 values of the RNA extracted by using the three RNA extraction methods had no significant differences, but a part of RNAs obtained by the two RNA extraction kits were degraded. The RNA mass concentrations from flower, fruit bearing branch and fruit were 126, 284 and 222 ng/μL by using the RNA extraction kit of Ambiogen; the RNA mass concentrations were 307, 402 and 266 ng/μL by using the RNA extraction kit of Autolab; and the RNA mass concentrations were 401, 417 and 296 ng/μL by using the modified CTAB method based on the Autolab RNA extraction kit, respectively. The modified CTAB method could generate high-integrity, high-concentration and high-purity RNA that could meet the request of transcriptome sequencing, compared with the two extraction kits.
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Abstract One consequence of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is an interruption to the supply of laboratory consumables, particularly those used for RNA extraction. This category includes column-based RNA extraction kits designed to retain short RNA species (defined as having fewer than 200 nucleotides), from small sample volumes, e.g. exosomes or extracellular vesicles (EVs). Qiagen manufactures several kits for the extraction and enrichment of short RNA species, such as microRNA (miRNA), which contain silica-membrane columns called “RNeasy MinElute Spin Columns.” These kits, which also contain buffers and collection tubes, range in price from USD380 to greater than USD1000 and have been subject to fulfillment delays. Scientists seeking to reduce single-use plastics and costs may wish to order the columns separately; however, Qiagen does not sell the RNeasy MinElute Spin Columns (in reasonable quantities) as an individual item. Thus, we sought an alternative product and found RNA Tini Spin columns from Enzymax LLC. We conducted a systematic comparison of the efficiency of RNA extraction for miRNA quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using the Qiagen RNeasy MinElute Spin Columns and Enzymax LLC RNA Tini Spin columns and the Qiagen total RNA extraction protocol that enriches for short RNA species. We compared the efficiency of extraction of five spike-in control miRNAs, six sample signal miRNAs, and nine low- to medium-abundance miRNAs by qPCR. The RNA was extracted from EV preparations purified from human plasma using CD81 immunoprecipitation. We report no statistically significant differences in extraction efficiencies between the two columns for any of the miRNAs examined. Therefore, we conclude that the Enzymax RNA Tini Spin columns are adequate substitutes for the Qiagen RNeasy MinElute Spin Columns for short RNA species enrichment and downstream qPCR from EVs in the miRNAs we examined.
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Abstract The isolation of high-quality RNA from kenaf is crucial for genetic and molecular biology studies. However, high levels of polysaccharide and polyphenol compounds in kenaf tissues could irreversibly bind to and coprecipitate with RNA, which complicates RNA extraction. In the present study, we proposed a simplified, time-saving and low-cost extraction method for isolating high quantities of high-quality RNA from several different kenaf tissues. RNA quality was measured for yield and purity, and the proposed protocol yielded high quantities of RNA (10.1-12.9 μg/g·FW). Spectrophotometric analysis showed that A 260 / 280 ratios of RNA samples were in the range of 2.11 to 2.13, and A 260 / 230 ratios were in the range of 2.04-2.24, indicating that the RNA samples were free of polyphenols, polysaccharides, and protein contaminants after isolation. The method of RNA extraction presented here was superior to the conventional CTAB method in terms of RNA isolation efficiency and was more sample-adaptable and cost-effective than commercial kits. Furthermore, to confirm downstream amenability, the high-quality RNA obtained from this method was successfully used for RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. We provide an efficient and low-cost method for extracting high quantities of high-quality RNA from plants that are rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides, and this method was also validated for the isolation of high-quality RNA from other plants.
Kenaf
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Background: RNA extraction from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded tissue (FFPE) provides valuable information. The main obstacle for pure RNA extraction from FFPE specimens is RNA degradation over time and low yield of RNA due to chemical processing. In the present study, RNA extraction from FFPE specimens were optimized for storage time, proteinase K concentration, and tissue size hemogenation. Methods: To evaluate the effect of storage time on RNA extraction yield, total RNA from 78 FFPE breast tissue specimens (1 - 3 years n = 52, and less than one year, n = 26) were extracted by High Pure Paraffin Kit (Roche). The effect of 2 different proteinase K on RNA was evaluated by proteinase K, and the effect of homogenization was evaluated using 2 different section sizes (10 µm and 5X2 µm). Extracted RNA was converted to cDNA. The SYBER Green Real time PCR was performed for quantitative analysis using ABI7900 Real time PCR. Results: The results indicated that FFPE storage time affected the yield of RNA extraction. The more the time of storage, the less RNA could be obtained (r = -0.38, P = 0.01). Smaller tissue section size seems to increase the amount of efficient RNA extraction from FFPE, probably through appropriate tissue lysis and more RNA release. According to the current study, proteinase K (Endopeptidase K) from different companies also affected on the quality of RNA extracted from FFPE (P = 0.032). Conclusion: Different optimization strategies enhance quality, purity, and quantity of RNA extracted from FFPE, which is critical in gene expression studies, like qRT-PCR.
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