Balancing fuelwood and biodiversity concerns in rural Nepal
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Abstract Biodiversity is closely related to diversity. However, biodiversity has come to be concerned with the conservation of variation of different levels of biological organization, from genes to populations, communities, ecosystems, and landscapes. Biodiversity ranges across spatial and temporal scales. For the elements of concern (genes to landscapes), biodiversity can be measured as the number of different types of elements, the relative frequencies of the different elements, or the number of different processes such as gene flow or nutrient flow. This article emphasizes methods for conserving biodiversity. Biodiversity is rarely used in a sentence without the word ‘conservation’. When discussing biodiversity, it is assumed that high biodiversity is desirable and should be preserved. The arguments for conserving biodiversity are many and varied, from aesthetic to the stability of our environment to future cures for cancer and other uses of nature's raw biological material that cannot yet be imagined.
Measurement of biodiversity
Aquatic biodiversity research
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Abstract Biodiversity is closely related to diversity. However, biodiversity has come to be concerned with the conservation of variation of different levels of biological organization, from genes to populations, communities, ecosystems, and landscapes. Biodiversity ranges across spatial and temporal scales. For the elements of concern (genes to landscapes), biodiversity can be measured as the number of different types of elements, the relative frequencies of the different elements, or the number of different processes such as gene flow or nutrient flow. This article emphasizes methods for conserving biodiversity. Biodiversity is rarely used in a sentence without the word ‘conservation’. When discussing biodiversity, it is assumed that high biodiversity is desirable and should be preserved. The arguments for conserving biodiversity are many and varied, from aesthetic to the stability of our environment to future cures for cancer and other uses of nature's raw biological material that cannot yet be imagined.
Measurement of biodiversity
Aquatic biodiversity research
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1: Introduction 2: The role of the International Council for Scientific Unions in biodiversity and global change research, J W M La Riviere 3: Towards biodiversity in politics, H Alders 4: Biodiversity: an introduction, O T Solbrig 5: Theoretical Considerations 6: Dynamical systems, biological complexity and global change, G Nicolis 7: Biodiversity at a molecular level, J C Mounolou 8: Genetic diversity and its role in the survival of species, W van Delden 9: The geophysical aspects of diversity, J E Lovelock 10: Biodiversity in space and time 11: Past efforts and future prospects towards understanding how many species there are, R M May 12: Biodiversity in microorganisms and its role in ecosystem function, D L Hawksworth 13: Molecular phylogeny of cellular systems: Comparisons of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences, H Hori 14: The role of biodiversity in marine ecosystems, P Lasserre 15: The role of mammal biodiversity in the function of ecosystems, V E Sokolov 16: The role of biodiversity in the function of Savanna ecosystems, E Medina and O Huber 17: Global change, shifting ranges, and biodiversity in plant ecosystems, T van der Hammen 18: Shifting ranges and biodiversity in animal ecosystems, J H Stock 19: Conservation of biodiversity: natural and human aspects 20: Life-history attributes and biodiversity, D L Urban et al. 21: Global change and alien invasions: implications for biodiversity and protected land area management, I A W Macdonald 22: Human aspects of biodiversity: an evolutionary perspective, R K Colwell
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Global biodiversity
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This chapter contains sections titled: Geographic Position, Climate, and Zonality General Features of Insect Biodiversity Notes on Biodiversity of Some Insect Groups in the Palearctic Biodiversity of Insect Herbivores Boundaries and Insect Biodiversity Local Biodiversity Insect Biodiversity and Habitats Insect Biodiversity and Palearctic Mountains Insect Biodiversity in Major Biogeographical Divisions of the Palearctic Acknowledgments References
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I review the nature of biodiversity as an economic commodity, and discuss the extent to which and mechanisms via which markets can be used to conserve biodiversity. 1 Markets for Biodiversity Biodiversity is being destroyed at a rate which is paralleled only by the rates of destruction in historical episodes such as the extinction of the dinosaurs. Today, however, the driving forces are mainly human economic and social organizations. In particular, markets, and the incentives which they generate, are playing a central role. This observation leads one naturally to question whether there is a basic antipathy between market forces and biodiversity. Can markets in fact capture the social value which resides in biodiversity? Do they provide incentives to maintain and develop this value? Or do we need di¤erent forms of economic and social organization to maintain the earth’s biological resources intact? In this paper I present a preliminary review of these issues, trying to classify biodiversity as an economic commodity, understand how it ...ts into the economic system and assess the actual and potential adequacy of market economic systems as institutions for managing the resources of biodiversity. The earth’s biodiversity is a characteristic of its biological resources: by biological resources I mean its total resources of naturally-occurring living entities, such as plants, animals, ...sh, insects, birds, bacteria, etc.. Biodiversity is a measure of the genetic variance contained within these biological resources: it increase with the number of distinct species. Many populations have critical masses or thresholds: their growth functions are such that once the population falls below a critical number the species is doomed to extinction. So biodiversity is not related simply to the total quantity of biological resources, but to the distribution of these relative to the threshold levels of the populations of the species represented. If all species are well above these levels, an increase in biological resources does nothing for biodiversity. On the other hand, if some are at or near these threshold levels, an increase in biological resources focused on these populations will increase or maintain biodiversity. I make this point so that it is clear that more forests, or more cod, or more tigers, are not per se bene...cial to biodiversity: this depends on populations relative to thresholds. The issue, then, is whether markets help or hinder the preservation of biodiversity. Certain cases come to mind immediately in which markets do in a limited sense place an economic value on biodiversity. Examples of these include 2 ecotourism, and in general tourism based on environmental assets such as coral reefs, unspoiled scenery, unique environments, etc. 2 biological prospecting InBio, Shaman Pharmaceuticals, and other attempts to exploit traditional knowledge of the medical properties of plants and insects. 2 ...sheries and forestry. Each of these is an example of a market in which one trades goods or services produced from biodiversity. But do these markets provide adequate incentives for the preservation of biodiversity? Do the incentives that they provide cover all important aspects of biodiversity?
Measurement of biodiversity
Value (mathematics)
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Biodiversity is the study of species in time and space (Vecchione and Collette 1996). To accomplish the goals of understanding or conserving nature (Reaka-Kudla et al. 1997a), a biodiversity study requires substantial amounts of information used in estimating basic parameters. Some parameters of interest include measures of species diversity, estimates of the types of biodiversity, and estimates of changes in biodiversity and associated physical and biological factors. Managing such information admittedly is highly complex but necessary in the study of biodiversity (Reaka-Kudla et al. 1997b).
Global biodiversity
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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The paper studied biodiversity characteristic,destroyed status and reason of coastal marsh including oceanic biodiversity,limnetic biodiversity,higher plants biodiversity of land and island,terricolous animal biodiversity,and pointed out the existing questions,protection and utilization measures of biodiversity.
Limnetic zone
Global biodiversity
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This chapter contains sections titled: An Early Definition of the Term Biodiversity The Problem of Considering Multiple Levels of Biodiversity Simultaneously If Biodiversity Is Good, Is More Biodiversity Always Better than Less Biodiversity? Does More Different Mean More Important? The Worth of An Element of Biodiversity Depends on Context Rethinking the Assessment of Biodiversity by Including Context and Particulars Interactions among Context, Particulars, Values, and Worth Exhortations References
Measurement of biodiversity
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In introducing a series of 11 papers on the measurement and estimation of biodiversity, eight crucial questions are posed: What is 'biodiversity'? Is biodiversity just the number of species in an area? If biodiversity is more than the number of species how can it be measured? Are all species of equal weight? Should biodiversity measures include infraspecific genetic variance? Do some species contribute more than others to the biodiversity of an area? Are there useful indicators of areas where biodiversity is high? And can the extent of biodiversity in taxonomic groups be estimated by extrapolation? In addition, the modern concept of biological diversity is attributed to Elliot R. Norse and his colleagues.
Measurement of biodiversity
Global biodiversity
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