A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies
Dong RenConrad C. LabandeiraJorge A. Santiago‐BlayAlexandr P. RasnitsynChungkun ShihA. S. BashkuevM. Amelia V. LoganCarol L. HottonDavid L. Dilcher
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Abstract:
The head and mouthpart structures of 11 species of Eurasian scorpionflies represent three extinct and closely related families during a 62-million-year interval from the late Middle Jurassic to the late Early Cretaceous. These taxa had elongate, siphonate (tubular) proboscides and fed on ovular secretions of extinct gymnosperms. Five potential ovulate host-plant taxa co-occur with these insects: a seed fern, conifer, ginkgoopsid, pentoxylalean, and gnetalean. The presence of scorpionfly taxa suggests that siphonate proboscides fed on gymnosperm pollination drops and likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms during the mid-Mesozoic, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding flies, moths, and beetles on angiosperms. All three scorpionfly families became extinct during the later Early Cretaceous, coincident with global gymnosperm-to-angiosperm turnover.Keywords:
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Abstract Fern accumulates radionuclides in abundance, including 137Cs. Tranfer of 137Cs and 40K in plants which have different root systems (fern or grass), or have no roots at all (moss) was compared. Samplings were performed in regions contaminated with 137Cs after Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) accident in 1994 and 1997–2000. The male fern (Dryopteris filix‐mas) most prevailing in Lithuania was studied. Fern accumulates 137Cs more effectively than grass or moss. The average 137Cs activity concentration in fern is 180±60 Bq kg−1 and the transfer factor is 0,074 m2kg−1. The fern stipe accumulates 137Cs most of all (200±90 Bqkg‐1), the transfer factor is 0,087 m2 kg−1. Accumulation of 137Cs is influenced by the content of K in the soil. 137Cs and 40K activity concentrations in fern are higher than those in the soil what shows that fern accumulates 137Cs better than 40K. Fern can clean the soil because this plant accumulates radionuclides in its stipe rather than roots.
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Fern accumulates radionuclides in abundance, including 137Cs. Tranfer of 137Cs and 40K in plants which have different root systems (fern or grass), or have no roots at all (moss) was compared. Samplings were performed in regions contaminated with 137Cs after Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) accident in 1994 and 1997–2000. The male fern (Dryopteris filix‐mas) most prevailing in Lithuania was studied. Fern accumulates 137Cs more effectively than grass or moss. The average 137Cs activity concentration in fern is 180±60 Bq kg−1 and the transfer factor is 0,074 m2kg−1. The fern stipe accumulates 137Cs most of all (200±90 Bqkg‐1), the transfer factor is 0,087 m2 kg−1. Accumulation of 137Cs is influenced by the content of K in the soil. 137Cs and 40K activity concentrations in fern are higher than those in the soil what shows that fern accumulates 137Cs better than 40K. Fern can clean the soil because this plant accumulates radionuclides in its stipe rather than roots.
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