Fetal stem-cell transplantation
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Fetal stem-cell transplantation is an attractive approach to the treatment of a variety of hematological, metabolic and immunological diseases before birth. The possibility of delivering a large number of cells in an early stage of life, and of taking advantage of normal fetal stem-cell migration and development, is promising. During fetal life, the capacity to mount an immune response to allogeneic cells is impaired compared with adult life. This provides an opportunity to induce tolerance to alloantigens without the need for myeloablation, although there are possible immune barriers to foreign cells in the fetus.A 12-year-old Arabian mare with a history of repeated early embryonic losses gave birth to a mummified fetus. The fetus was not the result of a pregnancy with twins. The mare had been given a progestogen throughout gestation and expelled the mummified fetus at about 325 days of gestation, 2 weeks after progestogen treatment was discontinued. We estimate that the size of the fetus was consistent with a fetal age of 5 months. The mare and mummified fetus illustrated that progestogen administration after 100 days of gestation can promote retention of a nonviable fetus. When the fetoplacental unit is incapable of producing progestogens in adequate amounts for pregnancy maintenance at that stage of gestation, then it is also unlikely to provide sufficient oxygen and nutrients to meet the needs of the growing fetus. Monitoring fetal viability would enable practitioners to prevent prolonged retention of a nonviable fetus.
Progestogen
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Summary In many vertebrates, immune activity is compromised when other expensive activities are concurrent. One explanation for such patterns includes trade‐offs between immune activity and other expensive physiological processes. Trade‐offs among different immune responses themselves may also occur, but thus far few data exist to substantiate them. We predicted that immune activity in female White‐footed Mice, Peromyscus leucopus , would be weak (relative to sham‐treated controls) if another immune response was already ongoing. To test this hypothesis, we examined (i) the effects of inflicting a cutaneous wound on cell‐mediated immune activity one day after wounding, and (ii) the effects of inducing cell‐mediated immune activity on the cutaneous wound‐healing process when wounds were inflicted one day after the immune challenge. Prior wounding dampened cell‐mediated immune responses and induction of cell‐mediated immune activity altered progression of wound healing. Immune challenges did not affect reproductive tissue masses, however, as has been detected in males of this species. Also, concentrations of circulating glucocorticoids, which are known modulators of immune activity, were not dramatically different between treatment and sham groups. In sum, our results provide evidence that some immune responses can negatively influence other recent immunological activity. Further study is warranted, however, to pinpoint the molecular mechanisms underlying these apparent trade‐offs and determine whether induction of immune activity may sometimes prime instead of hinder subsequent immune responses.
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Immune cells and commensal microbes in the human intestine constantly communicate with and react to each other in a stable environment in order to maintain healthy immune activities. Immune system-microbiota cross-talk relies on a complex network of pathways that sustain the balance between immune tolerance and immunogenicity. Probiotic bacteria can interact and stimulate intestinal immune cells and commensal microflora to modulate specific immune functions and immune homeostasis. Growing evidence shows that probiotic bacteria present important health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties. Thus, the use of probiotics might represent a promising approach for improving immune system activities. So far, few studies have been reported on the beneficial immune modulatory effect of probiotics. However, many others, which are mainly focused on their metabolic/nutritional properties, have been published. Therefore, the mechanisms behind the interaction between host immune cells and probiotics have only been partially described. The present review aims to collect and summarize the most recent scientific results and the resulting implications of how probiotic bacteria and immune cells interact to improve immune functions. Hence, a description of the currently known immunomodulatory mechanisms of probiotic bacteria in improving the host immune system is provided.
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The rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) covers its fatty acid (FA) demands at equal amounts both by maternal-fetal FA transfer and fetal FA synthesis. At the end of the first trimester the human fetal FA synthesis is too small to cover the fetal FA requirements. Therefore, the transfer of FA from the mother to the fetus seems to be the predominant source of fetal FA. The FA oxidation is greater than the FA synthesis in human and rat placenta as well as in the human fetus at the end of the first trimester, whereas the rat fetus (day 21 of pregnancy) oxidizes and synthesizes FA at equal amounts.
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Immune receptor
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Immune cells is the material basis of immune function,an important means to understand the state of the immune function is various immune cells counts and function test.There are a series of unbalance in recurrent genital herpes patients′ immune cell function,including the changes of number of T lymphocytes,NK cells and LAK cells,dendritic cells,and its secreted cell factors,which then lead to the body′s low cells immune response,immune suppression,or immune defect.Through the research of the unbalance change of related immune cells,theory basis for the prevention and treatment direction of the disease will be established.
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To investigate the dynamic variation of AVP mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus during immune responses in rats and further reveal the genetic modulating mechanisms by which nervous system modulates the immune function.The multiple points, locations and ways of bull serum albumin (BSA) injection were used to establish immune-enhancing animal models, and the lower doses and 1 day interval of CY intraperitoneal injection were used to establish immune-suppressing animal models. In the different periods of the immune response, the serum and the brain of the same rat were taken to be tested at the same time.Six days after primary antigen stimulating the levels of IgG and IL-2 began to escalate, and 6 days after the antigen restimulating the IgG and IL-2 reached the highest level. After the first two CY injections the levels of IgG and IL-2 began to decline, and after 4 CY injections the IgG and IL-2 reached the lowest level.BSA and CY are ideal agents for establishing immune-enhancing and immune-suppressing animal models. BSA could enhance both the humorous and cellular immune function directly. The CY could directly suppress the cellular immune function, but it could indirectly suppress the humorous immune function.
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Stressor
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There is no longer a question regarding whether the immune system functions as an independent system that regulates itself. It does not. The function of the immune system is modulated by hormones released from nerves, the pituitary, the adrenals, and possibly even lymphocytes themselves. Many of the immune regulatory hormones change in concentration at times of different emotional states. Thus, the response to a stressor, which increases the concentration of hormones such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines, modulates immune function. This brief review highlights some of the important areas of clinical interest in the interaction between stress and immune function.
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