The determinants of lifelong learning incidence across European countries (evidence from EU-SILC dataset)
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The aim of this paper is to explore the potential of EU-SILC data to deepen our understanding of the determinants of workers’ formal lifelong learning (LLL) incidence in Europe. To this purpose, a twofold procedure is adopted here: first, LLL incidence is estimated for the total number of men and women taken separately, regardless of their country of residence; second, the information on the country where they live is taken into account and 21 country-specific equations are computed. Again, this is made for both sexes. This procedure allows us to shed light on cross-country gender differences. In the whole sample, our results show that for both men and women formal LLL incidence is significantly higher among young, better-educated, part-time and temporary workers, and lower among those who changed their job in the preceding year, are employed in small firms and have low-skilled occupations. When the above-mentioned separate equations are estimated for each country and for both sexes, relevant results emerge in the case of Scandinavian countries. Those results seem to be consistent with the implementation of the well-known “flexicurity” policy.Keywords:
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The flexicurity approach has taken official shape with the release of the Europe 2020 strategy, which recommended this approach for employment policies for all EU Member States. As Europe 2020 is in its final phase, the aim of the paper was to analyse the development of flexicurity implementation during the validity of the Europe 2020 strategy in selected countries (the Slovak Republic, the Netherlands, France and Poland) based on individual flexicurity indicators and to find out to what extent this development correlated with employment rate in the countries concerned. The results show that the positive development within the four proposed components of flexicurity may contribute to increasing employment rate in the given countries. On the other hand, it is important to perceive that the employment rate reflects the overall situation in the country and is influenced by many different determinants. At the end of the article, we present our view of the further development of flexicurity.
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The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of material deprivation in European Union countries in 2016 from both a local and a global perspective. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used in the study. Based on research, five main types of the level of the material deprivation of European Union countries were identified. Research findings suggest that the population of old EU countries is less severely affected by material deprivation than people living in new member states. Also, the level of global material deprivation was assessed. The study was based on 2016 statistical data delivered by Eurostat.
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Digital divide has been measured using various indicators in the literature so far. In contrast from the literature, this paper addresses the digital divide within European Union member states according to Industry 4.0-related indicators that have been used for the first time in empirical literature. While Finland, the UK and Germany are among the countries with economic development levels above the EU average, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and Romania are among the countries that are below the Union average in terms of Industry 4.0-related development. It is clear that an Industry 4.0-related digital divide is observable within EU member countries. The European Union should try to decrease the digital gap between member countries by developing and supporting special Industry 4.0 policies, especially for members below the EU average. Therefore, the results of this article will help policy makers in the EU and in member countries.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the level of eco-innovations in the European Union countries. For this purpose, a new method of multi-criteria analysis were used, i.e. PROTERRA method, which was developed by the authors of this article. Analysis concerns a data from the year 2015. There have been determined aggregate ratings, which characterized the eco-innovation level of particular European Union countries. Four classes of innovation level were defined: eco-innovation leaders, good eco-innovators, week eco-innovators and eco-innovation outsiders. Then, based on the calculated global ratings, European Union countries were assigned to the appropriate classes.
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The workplace plays an important role in people’s lives, not only because it provides a decent lifestyle, but also it is the place where they spend most of their time. Therefore a good job is a necessary condition in obtaining satisfaction and good quality of life. According to a study, it has been proven that most employees consider the ideal workplace, one that offers them the possibility to prove their intellectual skills. Unfortunately, the economical crisis has left a strong mark upon this environment leading to great disturbances in balance in many countries. Concerning the EU area, all the countries within have been affected, some more than others.. Countries like Spain and Greece are dealing with some real issues and as far as Romania is concerned it seems to be just below the European average. There are also some countries such as Germany where the situation is about to stabilize.
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독일연방헌법재판소는 2019년 11월 잊힐 권리 I, II 결정을 통해서 EU법 집행 시 기본권보장에 관한 구조적인 변화를 시도하였다. 연방헌법재판소는 먼저 기존에 독일 기본권과 EU 기본권을 엄격하게 구별하고 EU 기보권 보장에 소극적이던 자세를 전환하여, EU법 집행 시 발생하는 기본권 침해에 대하여 적극적으로 통제할 수 있다고 주장하였다. 연방헌법재판소가 EU법 집행 시 발생하는 기본권 침해에 개입할 수 있는 근거는, EU 체제에서 법원과 연합재판소를 통한 기본권보장의 구조적 흠결 때문이다. 다른 한편 연방헌법재판소는 연방헌법 제23조의 통합책임에 따라 EU 통합에 적극적으로 협력해야 하는데, EU 기본권보장에 협력하는 것이 연방헌법재판소가 통합책임을 수행하는 것이라고 보았다. 연방헌법재판소는 EU법 집행 시 기본권 침해가 문제 된 경우, 절차적으로 헌법소원심판제도를 통해 적극적으로 기본권보장 사무를 수행할 수 있다. 헌법소원심판제도를 통해 구제받을 수 있는 기본권에는 독일 기본권뿐만 아니라 EU 기본권도 포함되기 때문이다. 연방헌법재판소가 헌법소원심판을 통해 기본권보장을 수행할 때, EU법의 성격에 따라서 심사기준을 달리 적용한다. 첫째, EU법이 회원국에게 형성재량을 인정한 규범에 대해서는 연방헌법재판소가 독일 기본권을 심사기준으로 적용한다. EU법이 회원국에게 형성재량을 인정한 것은 기본권 측면에서 보면 회원국의 다양한 기본권보장을 인정한 것이기 때문이다. 독일 기본권을 적용하는 것은 EU 기본권을 공동으로 보장한다는 것을 전제로 한다. 다만 독일 기본권을 심사기준으로 적용하더라도 EU 기본권보장수준에 미치지 않는다면, EU 기본권을 추가적으로 적용한다. 둘째, EU법이 완전히 통일된 영역에 대해서는 연방헌법재판소가 EU 기본권을 심사기준으로 적용하여 기본권 침해 여부를 판단한다. 이 때 EU 기본권은 연합재판소의 판례를 통해 확인된 명확한 내용에 한정하여 적용한다. 만일 EU법의 통일성 여부나, EU 기본권의 내용이 불명확한 경우에는 연방헌법재판소가 연합재판소에 사전판단을 제청하여 문제를 해결한다. EU법으로 완전히 통일된 영역에서는 EU 기본권을 심사기준으로, 회원국에게 어느 정도 형성재량이 인정되는 영역에서는 독일 기본권을 심사기준으로 판단한다는 점에서, 연방헌재는 앞으로 EU법 적용과 집행 시 기본권보장과 관련하여 연합재판소에게 판단을 맡기지 않고, 적극적으로 기본권보장을 주도하겠다는 의지를 나타낸 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 연방헌법재판소의 입장 변화는, EU법의 발전으로 말미암아 연방헌법재판소가 EU법에 대한 소극적인 대응을 통해서는 EU 내에서 기본권보장의 보루나 수호자 역할을 할 수 없다는 인식과 현실상황을 반영한 것으로 보인다. 다른 한편 이러한 연방헌법재판소의 입장 변화는 연합재판소와 기본권보장에 협력을 증진할 가능성도 담고 있다.
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5. The non-observed economy in the European Union countries (EU-15): a comparative analysis of estimates Philippe Adair 5.1 ISSUES Since the beginning of the 1990s, the European Union (EU) has launched several studies on undeclared economic activi...
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This chapter provides a conceptual discussion about the interaction between information and communication technologies (ICT) and the learning society. It focuses on the importance of knowledge and social capital building as key stones of the connected learning society, which is built upon online networks. This chapter also highlights the role of lifelong learning in the connected learning society as an instrument which can support flexicurity policies in the labor market. This work follows the common argumentation logic that the introduction of ICT usually leads to a change in lifelong learning opportunities, which are playing an especial role in achieving economic, employment and social goals. In the connected learning society, how technology is being used will ensure the continual adaptability and employability of workers.
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This paper deals with the research of the EU system and the youth self-employment policy.
The paper seeks to present the EU youth systems and policies aimed at reducing the youth
unemployment rate at EU level. Youth unemployment is one of the main problems of Croatia
and the European Union. Furthermore, the paper presents youth unemployment trends in the
European Union, as well as the EU employment strategy for young people. The aim of the
research is to determine the impact of the EU system and policy in the youth field at the rate
of self-employment of young people in the European Union. The purpose of the research is to
point to the importance of the European Union's system and policies for young people.
Methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and compilation were used during the
study.
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