Semantic acquisition in childhood amnesic syndrome: a prospective study
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Abstract:
Amnesic patients can acquire new semantic knowledge despite a profound deficit of episodic memory. Although retrospective studies have been carried out on adults and children, prospective studies have been restricted to adults. The aim of the present work was to assess the acquisition of new semantic knowledge in amnesic children. The semantic protocol, composed of short, illustrated texts, was based on an original methodology which included an assessment of episodic memory on two occasions. Two amnesic children acquired new concepts despite major episodic disturbance, illustrated notably by a lack of recollection in episodic tasks. Our findings lend weight to the assumption that forming new semantic knowledge does not necessarily involve episodic memory, and provide methodological pointers for children's neuropsychological rehabilitation.Keywords:
Retrospective memory
Autobiographical Memory
Prospective Memory
Contents: Part I: Autobiographical Memory and Its Significance. Remembering the Times of Our Lives. Autobiographical Memory in Adults. Infantile or Childhood Amnesia. Part II: Memory in Infancy and Very Early Childhood. Declarative Memory in the First Years of Life. The Neural Bases of Declarative Memory in Adults. Development of the Neural Substrate for Declarative Memory. Part III: Autobiographical Memory in Childhood. Event and Autobiographical Memory in the Preschool Years. What Develops in Preschoolers' Recall of Specific Past Events? The Context of Autobiographical Memory Development. Part IV: The Fates of Early Memories. Crossing the Great Divides of Childhood Amnesia. The Shifting Balance of Remembering and Forgetting.
Autobiographical Memory
Childhood amnesia
Reconstructive memory
Memory errors
Retrospective memory
Neural substrate
Declarative memory
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Investigations of retrograde amnesia have contributed to a better understanding of the cerebral structures involved in remote memory. Such studies have suggested that neocortical regions such as the anterior temporal lobe play a major role in both the storage and retrieval of remote episodic and semantic information. Semantic dementia (SD), characterised as a focal anterior temporal lobe atrophy, offers an opportunity to study episodic remote memory, especially in the absence of day-to-day memory dysfunctioning, which takes place in permanent amnesic syndromes. Few studies have investigated autobiographical retrograde amnesia in SD. We present the findings from a patient (AT) at the early stage of SD. First, we have compared episodic and semantic components of autobiographical memory using two specially designed fluency tasks. The results demonstrated good recall of autobiographical events from all time periods and poor retrieval of names of acquaintances, albeit to a lesser degree, with respect to recent life. Second, we have investigated strictly episodic autobiographical memory and autonoetic consciousness by means of a sophisticated autobiographical test and the Remember/Know procedure which used a more stringent criterion of episodicity. The results demonstrated a relatively good recall of autobiographical memories (whatever their nature) but poor retrieval of remote specific detailed memories compared to recent ones. Moreover, patient AT provided Remember judgements to the same extent as control subjects regardless of the time interval covered although his responses were not justified in terms of the actual contextual information retrieved beyond the last 5 years. These findings provide further evidence that strictly episodic recollection is restricted to the recent past in SD. These data are discussed according to their relevance to the episodic and semantic distinction and to models of long-term memory consolidation.
Autobiographical Memory
Retrospective memory
Retrograde amnesia
Semantic dementia
Chronesthesia
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Autobiographical Memory
Retrospective memory
Retrograde amnesia
Declarative memory
Long-term memory
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Autobiographical Memory
Reconstructive memory
Retrospective memory
Memory errors
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Abstract Autobiographical memory comprises episodic and semantic components mediated by dissociable states of consciousness, one promoting the experience of the self at a specific moment in the past, and the other involving self-knowledge that does not require “mental time travel.” These components can be difficult to dissociate using retrospective autobiographical stimuli collection. In this study, we manipulated the episodic/semantic distinction within prospectively collected autobiographical stimuli. Over several months, participants made recordings documenting specific episodes, repeated episodes, and world knowledge. These recordings were later played back to participants during scanning with functional MRI. The results indicated overlapping but distinct patterns of brain activity corresponding to episodic and semantic autobiographical memory. Both episodic and semantic autobiographical memory engaged the left anteromedial prefrontal cortex associated with self-reference, but the episodic condition did so to a greater degree. The episodic condition uniquely engaged the medial temporal, posterior cingulate, and diencephalic regions associated with remote memory recovery. Whereas the episodic condition engaged the right temporo-parietal cortex involved in reconstruction of spatial context and attentional orienting, the semantic condition engaged the left temporo-parietal and parieto-frontal systems involved in egocentric spatial processing and top-down attentional control. Episodic recollection was also associated with suppression of emotional paralimbic regions. These findings support a functional neuroanatomical dissociation between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory, providing concordance to amnesic syndromes with disproportionate impairment in one of these two forms of autobiographical memory.
Autobiographical Memory
Retrospective memory
Chronesthesia
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W the episodic memory (EM) humans recall past and imagine future events and remember executing future actions. EM can be assessed with laboratory based tasks (recall of past information and future actions, retrospective and prospective memory) and autobiographical events (past and future autobiographical memory). Past EM aspects develop progressively until adolescence when feature binding (what, where, when) is required. Prospective memory development depends on action types but it improves until young adulthood with complex tasks. Most developmental studies of future autobiographical memory have focused on young children and adults, leaving a gap between these two groups. We thus aimed to compare past and future EM aspects and mechanisms from young school children to young adults, confronting more ecological laboratory tasks in virtual reality with autobiographical tasks. Results in 61 participants (ages 5 to 25 years) suggest a more progressive development of the future aspect of EM, whereas its past aspect is globally functional by adolescence. Autobiographical and virtual reality performance correlate with each other, executive functions and narrative abilities; Virtual reality memory depends on executive functions, past and future autobiographical memory and (only future memory) on theory of mind, whereas autobiographical memory abilities depend on virtual reality based prospective memory in addition to executive functions and age. A reciprocal link appeared between the two future aspects of EM (personal events and time-based actions). In conclusion, past and future EM functioning in virtual environments and in daily life is strongly inter-linked and has at least partly common development and mechanisms suggesting a tri-temporal approach of EM.
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Prospective Memory
Retrospective memory
Reconstructive memory
Childhood amnesia
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Autobiographical memory in major depression has been characterized as overgeneralized, with patients recalling few episodic details, prioritizing general schematic events. However, whether this effect reflects impaired episodic or semantic memory, or domain-general cognitive processes, is unknown. We used the Autobiographical Interview (Levine, Svoboda, Hay, Winocur, & Moscovitch, 2002) to derive episodic and semantic contributions to autobiographical memory in patients with severe major depression. We also assessed memory for public events and famous people. Depressed patients were impaired on episodic, but not semantic, autobiographical memory from 2 weeks to 10 years before testing. They were also impaired on memory for public events, possibly because they followed the news less than controls. Patients' memory for famous names was not impaired, although this was strongly associated with non-episodic memories to a greater degree than in controls. The findings suggest a specific impairment of episodic autobiographical memory in depression that is not fully accounted for by domain-general processes involved in strategic retrieval.
Autobiographical Memory
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Autobiographical Memory
Semantic dementia
Retrospective memory
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Autobiographical memory, with special inherent structure, is a complex component of long-term memory. It has a close relationship with semantic memory and episodic memory and is also connected with many other psychological cognitive processes, such as the emotional process, self-referential process etc. Accordingly, the neural correlates of autobiographical memory consist of many brain areas, including the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, superior parietal lobe and the adjacent occipital area etc. All of the brain areas mentioned above are mainly on the left hemisphere. This article summarizes the previous researches on autobiographical memory and its neural correlates. Given the complexity of autobiographical memory, we divide different cognitive processes of autobiographical memory into 5 operating components from the perspective of memory-system. These operating components include semantic component, episodic com- ponent, self-referential component, emotional component and general cognitive processing component (cognitive process related to general memory retrieval), and each component has its underlying neural correlates. What is more important, these operating components interact with each other coherently within the autobiographical memory system and this article discusses these interactions and connections in depth. These interactions analyzed in this article includes the semantic & episodic interaction, the self-referential processing & general cognitive processing interaction, the emotional & episodic interaction, the general cognitive processing & episodic interaction and the general cognitive processing & emotional interaction. By taking the interactions among the operating components into consideration, different ideas and opinions to integrate the experiment findings are offered, and new ways and solutions to settle some heating debates in the field of autobiographical memory are proposed. Furthermore, this article points out that even though the operating components of autobiographical memory system are closely connected with one another, the previous researches didn't pay enough attention to it. This article analyzes two problems existing in the previous studies. First, most of the previous researches spent much effort in analyzing the different acti- vated brain areas among different experiment tasks, while leaving the common brain activation alone, which might reflect the interaction and connection among the operating components. Second, those studies investigating neural correlates of autobiographical memory using brain imaging techniques tended to overlook the different brain activations at different time points, and these temporal differences may carry important information about the neural mechanism of autobiographical memory. Finally, the article pro- poses two analytical methods in order to solve the problems mentioned above to some extent. First is using multi-voxel analysis instead of the conventional analysis method to reveal the useful information held by the common activated brain areas, second is employing time series analysis to analyze the changes of brain activation pattern in the temporal dimension. In sum, if researchers are going to investigate the neural mechanism of autobiographical memory thoroughly and offered more convincing evidence, they should treat the various cognitive processes of autobiographical memory as a whole, take the interactions among different components into consideration and pay more attention to the neural correlates underlying these interactions.
Autobiographical Memory
Reconstructive memory
Retrospective memory
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Prospective Memory
Retrospective memory
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