Fabrication of Three Fire-Retardant Poplar Gluing Composite Lumbers and Evaluation of Their Fire-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Performance
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Abstract:
Wood-based composites is widely used in building and interior decoration field. However, it is easy for wood to get burnt, and abundant toxic smoke generating during the burning process has caused great casualties and property loss. In this study, poplar wood was chosen as test materials, and three fire-retardant were selected, i.e. the inorganic X type fire-retardant and the organic fire-retardant named F type, and the Z type fire-retardant which is an ordinary organic and inorganic combination fire-retardant and contains element Cl and N. Then after different treated process, three types of gluing composite lumbers were prepared. Thereafter, DSC, TG etc were adopted, and the fire-retardant, smoke-suppressant and mechanical performance of lumber were compared and evaluated. The results indicated that : (1) In a certain range of fire-retardant concentration, with the increase of concentration, all of these three fire-retardant had a much better fire-retardant and smoke- suppressant performance while the bonding strength of composite didn't show much variation and met the requirement of GB. (2) For the F type fire-retardant, when the concentration and process technique were the same, the fire-retarded performance of Y type was better than the other two types, and it also had a good smoke-suppressant performance. (3) X type fire-retardant had an excellent fire-retardant and smoke-suppressant performance when its concentration was relatively large. (4) For Z type fire-retardant, it had a good fire-retarding performance with a relatively small smoke amount, but some toxic gas such as HCl and NH 3 was generated.Keywords:
Fire performance
The flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of serial metal hydroxystannates on semi-rigid PVC was studied.The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of metal hydroxystannates was investigated through quantitative analysis and the SEM of the residual char after sample burning.The results showed that samples treated with flame retardants had higher limiting oxygen index(LOI) and char yield,lower smoke density rating(SDR) and maximum smoke density(MSD),and better flame retardant and smoke suppression performance.The flame retardants had a little effects on the mechanical properties of materials since its using amount was small.
Limiting oxygen index
Limiting
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In the light of the problem that it’s difficult to apply flame retardant finish to cotton-polyester blended fabric as a result of wick effect,the authors adopt a new type of flame retardant to finish the fabric.Additionally,the compositions of fire retardant will coordinate to achieve flame retardancy.Based on this,the authors utilize orthogonal experiment to analyze the way in which how blending ratio,fabric density and fabric structure affect the flame retardant performance of cotton-polyester blended fabric.It turns out that the vertical burning damage length is from 40 to 47 mm,which is less than 50 mm,and the limiting oxygen index is greater than 27.5,which reaches the requirements for flame retardancy.The flame retardant performance of cotton-polyester blended fabric is closely related to the contents of the fire retardant and the way to apply fire retardant finish.It also proves that the flame retardant performance of cotton-polyester blended fabric increases and then decreases when the contents increase,the performance is positively correlated to the density of fabric,while the fabric structure does not significantly connect with it.
Limiting oxygen index
Fire performance
Nonwoven fabric
Limiting
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In 1998, the Building Standard Law of Japan was revised to emphasize performance-based regulations rather than conventional conformity to specifications. The method of evaluating fire-retardant material was also changed and the cone calorimeter test was adopted. Although chemical agents that contain phosphorus and nitrogen are widely used to make fire-retardant wood, there are few results of cone calorimeter tests to show the relationship between impregnated quantity of fire retardant and its performance. In this study, a commercial fire retardant whose main component is poly-phosphatic carbamate was impregnated in a 15-mm-thick Japanese red pine specimen, and the fire performance was tested by the cone calorimeter test. When the impregnated fire retardant was over 80 kg/m 3 , specimens showed the performance of fire-retardant material. When there was more than 160 kg/m 3 of fire retardant, specimens met the criteria of quasi-noncombustible materials. However, it is not always desirable to put chemically treated materials on the surface where people can touch. The fire-retardant properties of wood specimens whose surface was covered with untreated veneer were also tested by the cone calorimeter. When the thickness of the veneer was 0.5 mm (230 g/m 2 in weight), the fire-performance criterion of the specimen remained the same.
Cone calorimeter
Fire performance
Softwood
Fire test
Calorimeter (particle physics)
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The flame retardant and smoke suppressing technology used for UPVC, evaluation method and mechanism of flame retardant and smoke suppression, specification of low smoke and flame retardant PVC constructural material are reviewed. The current developed composite flame retardant smoke suppressants developed in demestics are reviewed.
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It introduced the research and preparation of flame\|retardant PVC cable materials with small smoke and low halogen.The optimum composition and formulation of flame retardant were finally determined by varying the using amount of Al(OH)\-3,Sb\-2O\-3 and 2ZnO·3B\-2O\-3·5H\-2O;observing the flame\|retardant effects and the change of smoke amount generated;and comprehending the change in mechanical properties and electrical properties of PVC cable material.
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Multi-fabric system's integrated thermal protective performance used in fire fighting is researched in this article.High flame-retardant fabrics including Nomex,Kermel and PSA,with PTFE,TPU and three-dimensional spacing flame-retardant fabric were put together to simulate fire fighting's composition.Outer fabric's flame-retardant performance is tested through vertical flammability test, multi-fabric system's integrated thermal protective performance is tested through TPP test.The conclusion is as follow: the fabric system with the largest thermal protective performance consists of PSA,three-dimensional spacing flame-retardant fabric and flame-retardant cotton fabric;the most appropriate fabric system for the fire fighting consists of NomexIIIA fabric,three-dimensional spacing flame-retardant fabric and flame-retardant cotton fabric;three-dimensional spacing flame-retardant fabric can be used in fire fighting's structure composition.,and this will reduce firemen's thermal load.
Flame spread
Fire performance
Flame test
Nonwoven fabric
Woven fabric
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The Membrane structure has a number of problems in the application of a fireproof code based on general buildings codes. Thus, the fireproof code of membrane structure is necessary to activate the construction of the membrane structure. Because it requires a systematic classification of fire retardant and flame proof performance of membrane material. Fire retardant and flame proof tests are conducted on membrane materials mostly used in current construction to propose the fire and flame retardant performance criteria of membrane materials. Fire and flame retardant tests results, PTFE membrane material with the glass fiber fabric have a limit-combustible performance. PVDF membrane material with the polyester fabric does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant performance of a thick fabric. Also, ETFE does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant of a thin fabric.
Fire performance
ETFE
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Incorporation of LL fire retardant in fire proofing coatings is one of the ways to improve performance of fire proofing coatings, which is proved by test results in chamber combustion test, fume emission test, DSC, and electronic microscope. When the charging of LL fire retardant is 15% , the fire proofing coatings shows good fire proofing performance, as well as excellent chemical and physical properties.
Fire performance
Fire test
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The mechanical and burning property of MDF which added the fire retardant and smoke suppression were tested with Mechanical machine, Limit Oxygen Index and Smoke testing apparatus. The result show that: the fire retardant and smoke suppression can weaken the mechanical property of MDF. Every 2% increment of fire retardant and smoke suppression coupled with 2%～12% inducement of mechanical strength of MDF; The fire retardant addition can reinforce the fire-retardancy property and lowed the smoke generation of MDF, every 2% increment of fire retardant coupled with 2%～7% increment of Limit Oxygen Index and 9%～29% inducement of smoke generation.The effect of smoke suppress of MDF is promoted with the smoke suppression increment, every 2% increment of smoke suppression coupled with 5%～15% inducement of smoke generation.
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The Membrane structure has a number of problems in the application of a fireproof code based on general buildings codes. Thus, the fireproof code of membrane structure is necessary to activate the construction of the membrane structure. Because it requires a systematic classification of fire retardant and flame proof performance of membrane material. Fire retardant and flame proof tests are conducted on membrane materials mostly used in current construction to propose the fire and flame retardant performance criteria of membrane materials. Fire and flame retardant tests results, PTFE membrane material with the glass fiber fabric have a limit-combustible performance. PVDF membrane material with the polyester fabric does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant performance of a thick fabric. Also, ETFE does not ensure the fire retardant performance, but this membrane material has the flame retardant of a thin fabric.
Fire performance
ETFE
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