Treatment of Periorbital Wrinkles Using a 2,790-nm Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet Laser
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Wrinkle formation usually accompanies skin aging. Periorbital wrinkles in particular are an early sign of skin aging. Therefore, several modalities have been developed to treat periorbital wrinkles, including topical applications, surgical techniques, and laser resurfacing. The 2,790-nm yttrium scandium gallium garnet (YSGG) laser has been increasing in popularity recently, but there have been no investigations into the use of a 2,790-nm YSGG laser for the treatment of periorbital wrinkles.To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a 2,790-nm YSGG laser for treating periorbital wrinkles.Ten Korean patients (Fitzpatrick skin type II-V) with periorbital wrinkles were enrolled in this study. They were treated two times with a 4-week interval using a 2,790-nm YSGG laser. The treatment parameters were an average 2-J/cm² fluence, 6-mm spot size, and 0.3-ms pulse width. Treatment consisted of two to three passes of the laser with 20% overlap until a clinical end point of mild erythema was observed. Patients were examined 1 week after each treatment and 3 months after the last treatment. Two independent, blinded dermatologists evaluated clinical improvement using the Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Classification System (FWCS) by comparing digital photographs taken before treatment (baseline) and 3 months after the last treatment. Efficacy was assessed by subtracting the baseline score from the score at 3 months after the last treatment (wrinkle improvement < 0; no change = 0; worsening > 0). At each visit, the patients were also evaluated for any side effects. At the end of the study, the patients documented their degree of satisfaction on a scale of very satisfied, satisfied, slightly satisfied, and unsatisfied.All patients completed the two treatment sessions, and all experienced clinical improvement of periorbital wrinkles based on the physician assessments. The mean treatment efficacies for the right and left sides using the FWCS were -1.85 ± 0.82 and -1.70 ± 0.71, respectively. Nine of 10 participants were satisfied with the procedure. Transient hyperpigmentation and slight exfoliation were observed in one patient after the last treatment, but this disappeared within 10 weeks.In treating periorbital wrinkles, a 2,790-nm YSGG laser treatment might be an effective treatment modality with minimal complications. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.Keywords:
Scandium
Abstract In this paper, the cloud point extraction and separation of scandium and yttrium (III) via use of Triton X‐114 with and without 8‐hydroquiloline (HQ) as an added chelate agent are investigated. The effects of various parameters, such as the aqueous phase pH, HQ concentration, Triton X‐114 concentration, heating temperature, and incubation time, on the cloud point extraction of scandium and yttrium (III) are studied. The results demonstrate that, there are different extraction and separation behaviors for scandium and yttrium (III) with and without HQ as an added chelate. And in contrast to solvent extraction, cloud point extraction is an excellent method to extract and separate scandium and yttrium (III).
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Excitation spectra from the monohalides of yttrium and scandium were recorded with the laser induced fluorescence method. Spectroscopic constants and radiative lifetimes were determined for several previously unobserved electronic states. Computer generated spectral simulations were used for the determination of spectroscopic constants and Franck–Condon factors associated with the fluorescence band systems.
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High-temperature heat-content values of gallium and scandium sesquioxides were measured from 298 to 1,800 deg K. The heat-content values were combined with heats and entropies of formation to obtain free energies of formation of gallium and scandium sesquioxides to 2,000 deg K. The thermodynamic stabilities of the sesquioxides of aluminum, gallium, scandium, and yttrium were compared. (auth)
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1. History of Yttrium and Scandium. 2. Chemical and Physical Properties of Scandium and Yttrium. 3. Analytical Chemistry of Scandium and Yttrium. 4. Occurrence of Scandium and Yttrium in Nature. 5. Occurrence of Scandium and Yttrium in Organisms. 6. Interactions of Scandium and Yttrium with Molecules of Biological Interest. Suggested Further Reading. Index.
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A survey of the known mechanical properties of lanthanum, scandium, and the rare earths was made. The fairly comprehensive mechanical data obtained on yttrium metal are presented in detail. Scandium, the rare earths, and yttrium are discussed separately in terms of their hardness, tensile properties, and related elastic constants. (J.E.D.)
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Abstract According to the inorganic chemistry text book written by Cotton and Wilkinson, scandium is not truly a rare earth element but yttrium and lanthanides are rare earth elements. The stable oxidation state of scandium is trivalent and the ionic radius of scandium (III) is significantly smaller (0.89 Å) than those for any of the rare earth elements (1.0-1.17 Å). Chemical behaviour is intermediate between aluminium and that of lanthanides. Yttrium has a trivalent oxidation state similar to scandium and lanthanide elements and the ionic radius of yttrium (III) (1.04 Å) is close to those of erbium (1.03 A) and holmium (1.04
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Abstract Liquid‐liquid extraction and selective separation of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) with Cyanex302 (bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid) has been carried out by controlling the aqueous phase pH. Scandium(III) and yttrium(III) were completely recovered from the organic phase using 5.0 M and 4.0 M nitric acid respectively and determined spectrophotometrically as their complexes with Arsenazo(III). The influence of extractant concentration, equilibration time, nature of diluents, stripping agents, and diverse ions on the extraction of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) was investigated. The extractability of scandium(III), yttrium(III), and other rare earth elements was exploited for sequential separation of scandium(III)‐yttrium(III)‐lanthanum(III) and other rare earth elements viz. lanthanum(III), cerium(IV), praseodymium(III), neodymium(III), gadolinium(III), dysprosium(III), and ytterbium(III) in binary mixtures. The method presented is simple and rapid for isolation of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) from associated elements and has been successfully applied for their selective separation from complex matrices of USGS standard soil GXR‐2 and Japanese standard stream sediment sample Jsd‐3.
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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRare Earth Alloys. A Critical Review of the Alloy Systems of the Rare Earth, Scandium and Yttrium Metals.Leonard I. KatzinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 1, 123Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00860a038RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (182 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
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