Distinct evolutionary origins of G12P[8] and G12P[9] group A rotavirus strains circulating in Brazil
Mariela Martínez GómezHugo Reis ResqueEduardo de Mello VolotãoTatiana Lundgren RoseMarcelle Figueira Marques da SilvaElisabeth HeylenMark ZellerJelle MatthijnssensJosé Paulo Gagliardi Leite
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G12 group A rotavirus (RVA) are currently recognized as a globally emerging genotype and have been described in combination with several P-types. In Brazil, G12 RVA strains have been described in the Southern (2003) and Northern (2008-2010) regions, in combination with the P[9] and P[6] genotype, respectively. To date, few complete genomes of G12 RVA strains have been described (none from Brazilian strains), considering G12P[9] genotype just one strain, RVA/Human-tc/THA/T152/1998/G12P[9], has their 11 gene segments characterized. This study aims to determine the genomic constellation of G12P[9] and G12P[8] RVA strains detected in Brazil between 2006 and 2011. Therefore, the eleven gene segments of five Brazilian G12 RVA strains were amplified and sequenced, and the genotype of each gene segment was assigned using phylogenetic analysis. Complete genome analyses of G12 RVA strain circulating between 2006 and 2011 in Brazil revealed a conserved Wa-like genomic constellation for three G12P[8] RVA strains; whereas the two G12P[9] strains possessed distinct reassorted AU-1-like genomic constellations, closely related to the reference strain RVA/Human-tc/THA/T152/1998/G12P[9] in most genes. The results obtained in the current study suggest that G12P[9] (AU-1-like) and G12P[8] (Wa-like) strains detected in different regions of Brazil do not share a common origin. Moreover, while Brazilian G12P[8] RVA strains showed a complete Wa-like human constellation, both G12P[9] strains possessed an NSP1 gene of bovine origin (NSP1), and RVA/Human-wt/BRA/PE18974/2010/G12P[9] also possessed a VP3 gene of canine/feline origin.Keywords:
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Abstract The 30‐ to 54‐nm rotavirus‐like particles were observed in the stool specimens of 17 children with gastroenteritis. These small rotavirus‐like particles were shown to be antigenically related to the commonly described 68‐nm rotavirus using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Four specimens containing the small rotavirus‐like particles were shown to contain an antigen of a common human rotavirus serotype (type 2). The finding of small rotavirus‐like particles of different diameters sharing a common antigen with rotavirus type 2 cautions against the naming of new candidate viruses based on morphology alone. In addition, the shedding of pure populations of single‐shelled rotaviruses, herein described, could be an unusual phenomenon which may occur only sporadically. The relationship of the smaller rotavirus‐like particles to rotavirus morphogenesis is discussed.
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Fecal samples from a 1-year prospective study were investigated to establish the role of group C rotavirus infections in acute diarrhea in Swedish adults (>15 years old). Rotaviruses were found in samples from 3% of the patients, and, in 35% of these, group C rotavirus was detected. Clinical symptoms of group C rotavirus infection were generally milder than those of group A rotavirus infection. Gene 8 (vp7) from 12 group C isolates, including strains from the prospective study, a military outbreak, and a sporadic case, was sequenced. The gene was found to be extremely conserved, with identities of 99.1%–100% at the amino acid level. This study has systematically investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of group C rotavirus in adults. The data confirm the extreme sequence conservation within human group C rotavirus strains and suggest that symptomatic group C rotavirus infections occur more frequently in adults than has been previously recognized.
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The previously released packages of the PhyloMaker series (i.e. S.PhyloMaker, V.PhyloMaker, and V.PhyloMaker2) have been broadly used to generate phylogenetic trees for ecological and biogeographical studies. Although these packages can be used to generate phylogenetic trees for any groups of plants and animals for which megatrees are available, they focus on generating phylogenetic trees for plants based on the megatrees provided by the packages. How to use these packages to generate phylogenetic trees based on other megatrees is not straightforward. Here, we present a new tool, which is called 'U.PhyloMaker', and a simple R script that can be used to easily generate large phylogenetic trees for both plants and animals at a relatively fast speed.
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Abstract The relative frequency and distribution of the VP4 (P) genotypes of 227 human rotavirus field strains were investigated in South Africa. The stool samples were collected between 1984‐1993 from infants and young children with diarrhea at Ga‐Rankuwa Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. The RNA was extracted from stools, heat denatured, and dot blotted onto nylon membranes. The blots were hybridized to PCR‐gener‐ated, 32 P radio‐labelled VP4‐specific probes (corresponding to the hyperdivergent region of the VP4 gene) of the following human rotavirus VP4 genotypes: P4, P6, P8, P9, P10, and P12. Of the 157 rotavirus strains typed by the probes, the P8 genotype was identified most frequently in 63.7% (n=100) of the samples. The P4 and P6 genotypes were detected less frequently in 22.3% (n=35) and 8.3% (n=13) of the samples, respectively. Five cases of dual infection between P8 and P4 genotypes occurred, indicating the potential for reassortment between members of different rotavirus genogroups. The P9 genotype could not be confirmed in 3 cases (1.9%), while the PI0 genotype was not observed at all, indicating the scarcity or absence of these VP4 genotypes in this region. Interestingly, we identified the newly‐described PI2 VP4 genotype in 6 cases (3.8%), suggesting a wide geographical distribution. Furthermore, several samples with sufficient RNA by gel electrophoresis remained untyped by the probes used in this study, and may represent putative “new” human VP4 genotype(S). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Abstract In this study the emergence of rotavirus A genotype G12 in children <5 years of age is reported from Cameroon during 2010/2011. A total of 135 human stool samples were P and G genotyped by reverse transcriptase PCR. Six different rotavirus VP7 genotypes were detected, including G1, G2, G3, G8, G9, and G12 in combinations with P[4], P[6] and P[8] VP4 genotypes. Genotype G12 predominated in combination with P[8] (54.1%) and P[6] (10.4%) genotypes followed by G1P[6] (8.2%), G3P[6] (6.7%), G2P[4] (5.9%), G8P[6] (3.7%), G2P[6] (0.7%), G3P[8] (0.7%), and G9P[8] (0.7%). Genotype P[6] strains in combination with various G‐types represented a substantial proportion (N = 44, 32.6%) of the genotyped strains. Partially typed strains included G12P[NT] (2.2%); G3P[NT] (0.7%); G(NT)P[6] (1.5%); and G(NT)P[8] (0.7%). Mixed infections were found in five specimens (3.7%) in several combinations including G1 + G12P[6], G2 + G3P[6] + P[8], G3 + G8P[6], G3 + G12P[6] + P[8], and G12P[6] + P[8]. The approximately 10% relative frequency of G12P[6] strains detected in this study suggests that this strain is emerging in Cameroon and should be monitored carefully as rotavirus vaccine is implemented in this country, as it shares neither G‐ nor P‐type specificity with strains in the RotaTeq® and Rotarix® vaccines. These findings are consistent with other recent reports of the global spread and increasing epidemiologic importance of G12 and P[6] strains. J. Med. Virol. 85:1485–1490, 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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